Difference between revisions of "Empty categories"
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===Subjects elided under conjunction=== | ===Subjects elided under conjunction=== | ||
− | [[*con*]]: subjects elided under conjunction | + | [[*con*]]: subjects elided under conjunction, by default |
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+ | *con*-D, *con*-A: oblique subjects elided under conjunction | ||
+ | |||
+ | *con*-N: nominative subjects elided under conjunction which are controlled by a previous oblique subject | ||
===Expletives=== | ===Expletives=== |
Revision as of 10:33, 25 February 2011
Empty categories
Contents
Empty subjects
Subjects elided under conjunction
*con*: subjects elided under conjunction, by default
- con*-D, *con*-A: oblique subjects elided under conjunction
- con*-N: nominative subjects elided under conjunction which are controlled by a previous oblique subject
Expletives
Expletives (*exp*): Note that (NP-SBJ *exp*) is not used in the Icelandic corpus for the experiencers of known quirky-case-verbs; see the documentation on Quirky Case. [EFS: athuga hvað maður gerir við (þó pro/exp hásumar væri) en (það rigndi í gær) er bara með venjulegt NP-SBJ]. Note that in early (Old Icelandic) texts, it may be difficult to distinguish between *exp* and *pro* in cases where there is an empty subject and it has a roughly impersonal (i.e. "maður") interpretation. In searches where you want to include all such sentences or all impersonals in early texts, it is wise to include both *exp* and *pro* in your searches.
Arbitrary PRO
*arb*: arbitrary PRO in the IP-INF complements of inherent ECM verbs.
pro subject
*pro*: other empty subjects. Note that in early (Old Icelandic) texts, it may be difficult to distinguish between *exp* and *pro* in cases where there is an empty subject and it has a roughly impersonal (i.e. "maður") interpretation. In searches where you want to include all such sentences or all impersonals in early texts, it is wise to include both *exp* and *pro* in your searches.
Topicalization or stylistic fronting of quantifiers (or other elements, e.g. D, N, P): indicated with *ICH* traces according to Penn Guidelines.
Empty objects of verbs: not indicated in annotation.
Empty objects of prepositions: in this case we follow the guidelines of the York Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). See also Particles under Head Types.
Empty oblique subject
A case extension is added to empty subjects if and only if the empty element is non-nominative. This can most frequently occur in cases of conjunction reduction, like *con*-D (empty dative subject), but also in other cases where the subject has been omitted, like *pro*-D.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og) (NP-SBJ *con*-D) (VBDI þótti-þykja) (NP-SBJ (N-N skömm-skömm)) (IP-INF (TO að-að) (VB skilja-skilja) (PP (P við-við) (NP (PRO-A hann-hann)))) (. .-.)))
Parasitic Gaps
Parasitic gaps are marked with the same trace (same index) as the real gap on which they are parasitic, as in the example below:
(CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI Er-vera) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það)) (NEG ekki-ekki) (NP-PRD (D-N sá-sá) (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0) (C sem-sem) (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann)) (VBDI sóktu-sækja) (PP (P til-til) (IP-INF-PRP-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (TO að-að) (VB lífláta-lífláta) (CODE {COM:parasitic_gap})))))))) (. ?-?)) (ID 1540.NTJOHN.REL-BIB,200.545))
We frequently also put a comment in the token indicating that the gap is parasitic.
A generic empty category (X *)
Traces of A-movement are marked with an asterisk " * ", including all pseudo-passives.
BE *
We do not use (BE *) after a modal verb and before a participle (VAN or VBN):
(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (Q-N Lítil-lítill) (N-N tilraun-tilraun)) (MDPI mun-munu) (VAN birt-birta) (PP (P til-til) (NP (PRO-G þess-það))))