Conjunction
From Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC)
Contents
Word-level conjunction
See the PPCEME, PPCME2 guidelines.
Conjunctions
og, en, eða ...
CONJP "svo og":
( (IP-MAT (PP (P Á) (NP (D-A þennan) (N-A hátt))) (HVPI hefur) (NP-OB1 (NP-PRN (PRO-N sjálfur)) (NPR-N guð)) (PP (CONJ bæði) (PP (P með) (NP (ADJ-D ljósum) (NS-D orðum))) (CONJP (ADVP (ADV svo)) (CONJ og) (PP (P með) (NP (ADJ-D fáheyrðum) (NS-D dæmum)))))
Verbs
(VAN (VAN máður) (CONJ og) (VAN ritaður))
(VBN (VBN máð) (CONJ og) (VBN ritað))
(VB (VB má) (CONJ og) (VB rita))
(IP-INF (TO to)
(VB (VB read) (CONJ and) (VB write))
(NP-OB1 (NS letters)))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBPI taka-taka) (ADVP-TMP (ADV þá-þá)) (IP-INF (TO að-að) (VB (VB varðveita-varðveita) (CONJ og-og) (VB halda-halda)) (NP-OB1 (NP (NP-POS (N-G þrenningar-þrenning)) (N-A trúu-trú)) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NP (N-A hlýðni-hlýðni) (NP-POS (NS-G boðorða-boðorð) (NP-POS (NUM-G fjögurra-fjórir) (NS-G guðspjalla-guðspjall))))))) (. .-.)))
Determiners
(IP-INF-PRP (IP-INF-PRP (TO að-að) (VB sækja-sækja) (NP-OB1 (D-A (D-A hitt-hinn) (CONJ og-og) (D-A þetta-þessi)) (ADJ-A smálegt-smálegur) (, ,-,) (CP-REL (WNP-1 0) (C er-er) (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hún-hún)) (VBDS ætti-eiga) (ADVP (ADV eftir-eftir)) (PP (P í-í) (NP (N-D hús$-hús) (D-D $inu-hinn) (NP-POS (PRO-D sínu-sinn)))))))
Adverbs
Conjunction on the word-level, with and without overt conjunctions:
( (IP-MAT (CONJ En-en) (PP (P á-á) (NP (D-D þessi-þessi) (D-D inni-inni) (ADJ-D himnesku-himneskur) (N-D borg-borg))) (BEPI eru-vera) (NP-SBJ (NS-N hlið-hlið)) (ADVP-LOC (ADV austan-austan) (CONJ og-og) (ADV vestan-vestan) (, ,-,) (ADV sunnan-sunnan) (CONJ og-og) (ADV norðan-norðan)) (. .-.)))
RP+ADV:
(ADVP-DIR (RP to) (CONJ and) (ADV fro))
Prepositions
See here.
Quantifiers
(NP (QP (Q many) (CONJ and) (ADJ divers))
(NS waies)))
CONJPs with empty heads
See PPCEME documentation.
Phrase-level conjunction
When any of the conjunct consists of more than a single word (see PPCME/PPCEME)
(XP (XP (X first-conjunct))
(CONJP (CONJ conjunction)
(YP (Y second-conjunct)))
(CONJP (CONJ conjunction)
(ZP (Z third-conjunct) (Z more-of-third-conjunct))))
Phrase-level conjunction (CONJP) with and without CONJ:
(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Eg-eg)) (BEPI em-vera) (NP-PRD (NP (N-N vegur$-vegur) (D-N $inn-hinn)) (, ,-,) (CONJP (NP (N-N sannleikur$-sannleikur) (D-N $inn-hinn))) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NP (N-N líf$-líf) (D-N $ið-hinn))))) (. .-.)))
NPs
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 *exp*) (ADVP (ADV Þá-þá)) (BEPI eru-vera) (NP-1 (OTHERS-N aðrir-annar) (, ,-,) (CP-REL (WNP-2 0) (C sem-sem) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-2) (VBPI kenna-kenna) (NP-OB1 (NP (N-D hafís$-hafís) (D $num-hinn)) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NP (N-D timbureklu$-timburekla) (D $nni-hinn)))) (PP (P um-um) (, ,-,) (CP-THT (C að-að) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N-N land$-land) (D $ið-hinn)) (BEPS sé-vera) (ADJP (ADJR strjálbyggðara-strjálbyggður)
Word and phrase level conjunction
(NP-SBJ (NP (NPR-N Pétur-pétur) (CONJ og-og) (NPR-N Jakobus-jakobus)) (, ,-,) (CONJP (NP (NPR-N Jóhannes-jóhannes) (, ,-,) (NPR-N Andreas-andreas) (, ,-,) (NPR-N Filippus-filippus) (, ,-,) (NPR-N Tómas-tómas) (, ,-,) (N-N Bartalameus-bartalameus) (CONJ og-og) (NPR-N Matteus-matteus))) (, ,-,) (CONJP (NP (NP (NPR-N Jakobus-jakobus) (NPR-N Alfei-alfei)) (, ,-,) (CONJP (NP (NPR-N Símon-símon) (NPR-N Selotes-selotes))) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NP (NPR-A Júdas-júdas) (NPR-N Jakobus-jakobus) (NPR-N bróðir-bróðir))))))))))
IPs
(CP-THT-1 (C að-að) (IP-SUB (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (N-N fátækrastjórn$-fátækrastjórn) (D $in-hinn)) (VBPS sundri-sundra) (NP-OB1 (NS-D HREPPSTJÓRU$-HREPPSTJÓRI) (D $num-hinn)) (, ,-,)) (CONJP (CONJ en-en) (IP-SUB (NP-SUB *con*) (VBPS samtengi-samtenga) (NP-OB1 (PRO-A þá-þá)) (NEG ekki-ekki)))))
IP-PPLs
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Þeir-hann)) (VBDI sáu-sjá) (ADVP-TMP (ADV þá-þá)) (IP-PPL-OB1 (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ (NPR-A Jesúm-jesús)) (VAG-A ganganda-ganganda) (PP (P á-á) (NP (N-D sjó$-sjór) (D-D $num-hinn)))) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (IP-PPL (NP-SBJ *con*) (VAN-A kominn-koma) (ADVP (ADVR nær-nærri) (NP (N-D skipi$-skip) (D-D $nu-hinn)))))) (. .-.)))
Different head tags
Conjoining ADJ and VAN:
(NP-PRD (N-N kerlingarskepna-kerlingarskepna) (ADJP (ADJ gömul-gamall) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (VAN slitin-slíta))))
NX, ADJX, etc. are only used with pre-modifiers, not post-modifiers.
Example for ADV heads with a shared pre-modifier ADV, notice the ADVX.
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N-FSNDC á$-á) (D $in-hinn)) (VBD-IA3SD skar-skera) (ADVP (ADV svo-svo) (ADV skýrt-skýra) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (ADVX (ADV greinilega-greinilega)))) (PP (P-D úr-úr) (NP (NS-NPDIC landamerkjum-landamerki) (NP-POS (Q hvorratveggja-hvorratveggur) (NS-FPGDC jarðan$-jarða) (D $na-hinn))))
Example for NP-POS as a pre-modifier.
( (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (Q-N sumir-sumur) (NS-N samhljóðendur-samhljóðandi)) (HVPI hafa-hafa) (NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO-A sín-sinn)) (NS-A líkneski-líkneski) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NX (N-A nafn-nafn))) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (NX (N-A jartein-jartein))))) (ID FIRSTGRAMMAR,.110))
Always attached as high as possible.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og) (NP-SBJ *con*) (VBDI hljóp-hlaupa) (PP (P yfir-yfir) (NP (N-A þúfu-þúfa) (CONJ eða-eða) (N-A garðsrúst-garðsrúst) (ADJ-N lága-lágur)))))
PP post-modifier
(NP-SPR (N male) (CONJ and) (N female) (PP (P of) (NP (Q all) (N flesh))))
(NP (NP (Q alle) (D +te) (N delis))
(, ,)
(CONJP (NP (Q al) (D +te) (N rychesse)))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (Q al) (D +to) (N wurschipe)))
(PP (P of)
(NP (D +tis) (N wordle))))
(ID CMAELR3,55.933))
CP-REL post-modifier
(NP-SBJ (NP (PRO$ his) (NS wi+geles))
(CONJP (CONJ &)
(NP (PRO$ his) (NS wrenches)))
(, .)
(CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
(C +tt)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
(NP-OB1 (PRO us))
(PP (P wi+d)
(NP *T*-1))
(VBP asaille+d))))
(, .)
(ID CMANCRIW,II.220.3201))
NP-POS post-modifier
( (IP-IMP-SPE (CONJ og-og) (HVI hafið-hafa) (PP (ADVP (ADV þar-þar)) (P fyrir-fyrir)) (NP-OB1 (N-A þökk-þökk) (CONJ og-og) (N-A vináttu-vinátta) (NP-POS (PRO-A mína-minn))) (. ,-,)))
Sometimes the first conjunct has a post-modifier which is also potentially shared with the second conjunct.
If the conjunction is definitely between two word-level constituents, then there can be ambiguity in the size of the constituents that are conjoined, just as in the "shared pre-modifier" case as above. This situation is handled as in the examples below:
(NP-SBJ (N-N Ótti)
(D-N sá)
(CONJP (CONJ og)
(NX (N-N skelfing))))
(NP-SBJ (N-N upprekstrarland-upprekstrarland)
(NP-POS (NS-G bænda-bóndi))
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(NX (N-N afrétti-afréttur))))
Correlative conjunction
"annaðhvort eða" 'either or' is treated similarly to correlative conjunctions, such as BÆÐI OG.
ANNAÐHVORT is treated as written for pos-tagging purposes. Thus, when it is written as one word, the tag is OTHER+WPRO, but when it is written as two words, it is tagged as in the examples below:
(PP (P svo-svo) (CP-ADV (C að-að) (IP-SUB (ADVP-3 (ADV hér-hér)) (MDDS skyldi-skulu) (PP (ADVP *ICH*-3) (P fyrir-fyrir)) (VB koma-koma) (NP-SBJ (OTHER+WPRO annaðhvort-annaðhvort) (NS-N sektir-sektir) (CONJ eða-eða) (N-N sjálfdæmi-sjálfdæmi))))))) (. .-.)))
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ *pro*) (RDPI Verður-verða) (IP-INF-SPE (OTHER+WPRO annaðhvort-annaðhvort) (IP-INF-SPE (IP-INF-SPE (TO að-að) (VB taka-taka) (NP-OB1 (N-A umboð-umboð) (NP-POS (PRO-G hennar-hún)))) (CONJP (CONJ og-og) (IP-INF-SPE (VB láta-láta) (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO-A hana-hún)) (VB fara-fara) (ADVP-DIR (ADV hingað-hingað)))))) (CONJP (CONJ eða-eða) (NP (D-N hitt-hinn) (ADV ella-ella) (CP-THT-SPE-PRN (C að-að) (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þið-þú)) (MDPI munuð-munu) (DO gera-gera) (CP-ADV-SPE (WADVP-1 0) (C sem-sem) (IP-SUB-SPE (ADVP *T*-1) (NP-SBJ (PRO-D ykkur-þú)) (VBPI líkar-líka)))))))) (. .-.)))
Word-level correlative conjunction
HVORKI NÉ
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það)) (BEDI var-vera) (ADJP (CONJ hvorki-hvorki) (ADJ-N hægt-hægur) (CONJ né-né) (ADJ-N skrautlegt-skrautlegur)) (. .-.)) (ID HOMILIUBOK,.211))
( (IP-MAT (CONJ-1 Hvorki-hvorki) (HVPI hefi-hafa) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég)) (VBN brugðið-bregða) (NP-OB1 (CONJ *ICH*-1) (N-D vexti-vöxtur) (CONJ né-né) (N-D nafni-nafn))
BÆÐI OG
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hún-hún)) (HVPS hafi-hafa) (RP upp-upp) (BEN verið-vera) (VAN numin-nema) (CONJ-1 bæði-bæði) (PP (P með-með) (NP (CONJ *ICH*-1) (N-D önd-önd) (CONJ og-og) (N-D líkama-líkami)))))
Phrase-level correlative conjunction
See the PPCME2, PPCEME documentation
PP
(PP (CONJ hvorki-hvorki)
(PP (P á-á)
(NP (D-D þessu-þessi) (N-D fjalli-fjall)))
(CONJP (CONJ né-né)
(PP (P til-til)
(NP (NPR-G Jerúsalem-jerúsalem)))))
IP-SUB
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB-4 (NP-SBJ (SUCH such) (D a) (N plotte) (RRC (VAN (VAN made) (CONJ and) (VAN recorded)) (PP (P to) (NP (N memorie))))) (, ,) (MD may) (CONJ both) (VB minister) (NP-OB1 (N light)) (PP (P to) (NP (Q anie) (ADJ publique) (N designation)))) (, :) (CONJP (CONJ and) (IP-SUB=4 (ALSO also) (VB serue) (IP-INF (TO to) (VB excite) (NP-OB1 (ADJ voluntary) (NS endeuours))))))))) (, ;)
Floated conjunctions
See the PPCME2, PPCEME documentation
Extraposed CONJPs
Extraposed CONJPs of single words. CONJP added even if there would be no CONJP if there was no extraposition involved.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og) (NEG eigi-ekki) (VBDI (VBDI át-éta) (CONJP *ICH*-1)) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann)) (CONJP-1 (CONJ né-né) (VBDI drakk-drekka)) (. .-.)))
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Hann-hann)) (BEDI var-vera) (NP-PRD (ADJP (ADJ-N vænn-vænn) (CONJP *ICH*-1)) (N-N maður-maður) (CONJP-1 (CONJ og-og) (ADJ-N vinsæll-vinsæll))) (. .-.)))
