ECM

Inherent ECM verbs

The following verbs are treated as inherent ECM verbs in PPCME/PPCEME:

BID, DO, GAR, HAVE, HEAR, HOT(AN), LET, MAKE, SEE

Similarly, we consider the following to be inherent ECM verbs in Icelandic:

BIÐJA, GERA, HAFA, HEYRA, LÁTA, LÂTAST, LÍTA, SJÁ

Note that BJÓÐA 'command, invite' is not an inherent ECM verb.

BIÐJA

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Gissur-gissur))
	  (VBDI bað-biðja)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ *arb*)
		  (NP-OB1 (D-A það-sá) (N-A óp-óp))
		  (NEG eigi-ekki)
		  (VB leggja-leggja))))

GERA

	  (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-LFD (D-N Sá-sá)
			      (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
				      (C 0)
				      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
					      (IP-SMC (NP-SBJ (PRO-A mig-ég))
						      (ADJ-A heilan-heill))
					      (DODI gjörði-gera))))

SJÁ

( (IP-MAT (CONJ Og-og)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
	  (VBDI sá-sjá)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (D-A inn-hinn) (ADJ-A helga-helgur) (N-A anda-andi))
		  (VB koma-koma)
		  (PP (P yfir-yfir)
		      (NP (PRO-A hann-hann)))
		  (PP (P í-í)
		      (NP (NP-POS (N-G dúfu-dúfa))
			  (N-D líki-líki))))

LÍTA

Meaning SJÁ 'see'

( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
	  (NP-SBJ *con*)
	  (VBDI leit-líta)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR-A Jesúm-jesú))
		  (VB standa-standa)
		  (ADVP-LOC (ADV þar-þar)))))

LÁTAST

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (N-N Klængur-klængur))
	  (VBDI lést-látast)
	  (IP-INF     (NP-SBJ *arb*)
		      (NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það))
		      (ADVP (ADV gjarna-gjarna))
		      (VB vilja-vilja))
	  (. .-.)))

Non-inherent ECM verbs

For a representative list in the PPCEME documentation, see here.

SEGJA

The postverbal NP is usually treated as an object for this verb, but in the following example it is treated as the subject of the infinitive because the IP-INF is headed by a copular verb, VERÐA.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
	  (VBDI sögðu-segja)
	  (NP-SBJ (NS-N menn-maður))
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (NPR-A Indriða-indriði))
		  (ADJP (ADJ-A fésælan-fésælan))
		  (RD verða-verða)
		  (MD mundu-munu))
	  (. ;-;))
  (ID PILTUR,.114))

KVEÐA

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Sturla-sturla))
	  (VBDI kvað-kveða)
	  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO-A hann-hann))
		  (NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það))
		  (NEG eigi-ekki)
		  (MDDS mundu-munu)
		  (VB vita-vita))
	  (. .-.)))

HALDA

	  (IP-IMP-SPE (PP-LFD (P Ef-ef)
			      (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
					  (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þér-þú))
						      (VBPI haldið-halda)
						      (IP-INF-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-A mig-ég))
								  (VAN-A trúaða-trúaður)
								  (BE vera-vera)
								  (PP (P í-í)
								      (NP (NPR-D Drottni-drottinn)))))))
		      (, ,-,)
		      (ADVP-RSP (ADV þá-þá))
		      (VBI gangið-ganga)
		      (PP (RP inn-inn)
			  (P í-í)
			  (NP (NP-POS (PRO-A mitt-minn))
			      (N-A hús-hús))))

DÆMA

						     (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *con*)
								 (VBPI dæmið-dæma)
								 (IP-SMC-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-D yður-þú)
										     (NP-PRN (PRO-A sjálfa-sjálfur)))
									     (ADJP (ADJ-G óverðuga-óverðugur)
										   (NP (ADJ-G eilífs-eilífur)
										       (NP-POS (N-G lífs-líf)))))))))))

ÆTLA

	      (PP (P þótt-þótt)
		  (CP-ADV-SPE (C 0)
			      (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
					  (VBPI ætla-ætla)
					  (IP-INF (NP-SBJ (PRO-A það-það))
						  (ADVP (ADVR síður-síður))
						  (BE vera-vera)
						  (MD munu-munu)))))
	      (. .-.))