CP-CLF

2019-08-27T13:17:14Z

Einarfs: /* CP-CLF headed by að */

As in the following examples. Note that the CP-CLF is attached at the IP-level, and that the pronoun "það" is tagged "PRO-N" rather than "ES".

<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (CONJ og-og)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það))
(HVPI hefur-hafa)
(ADVP (ADV líklega-líklega))
(VBN verið-vera)
(NP-PRD (PRO-N ég-ég))
(, ,-,)
(CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C sem-sem)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þú-þú))
(VBDI sást-sjá)))
(. ;-;))
(ID 1850.PILTUR.NAR-FIC,.237))
</pre>

<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (" ")
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N Það-það))
(BEPI er-vera)
(NP-PRD (NP (NS-N dýr-dýr))
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(NP (ADJ-N óþörf-óþarfur) (N-N ást-ást))))
(, ,-,)
(CP-CLF-SPE (WNP-1 0)
(C sem-sem)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(RP um$-um)
(VBPI $breytir-breyta)
(NP-OB1 (N-D skóla$-skóli) (D-D $num-hinn))
(PP (P í-í)
(NP (N-A hesthús-hesthús)))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

Sometimes the complement of "það" in the cleft is not nominative, but rather the case that matches the gap inside of the CP-CLF. The case marking of this argument seems to be optional in modern Icelandic. These cases are annotated the same way as above, with the NP-PRD exceptionally appearing in a non-nominative case, as in the example below:

<pre>
( (IP-MAT-1 (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Það))
(BEPI er)
(NEG ekki)
(NP-PRD (NPRS-A gyðinga) (FP-A einasta))
(, ,-,)
(IP-MAT-PRN=1 (ADVP (ADVR heldur))
(NP-PRD (Q-A alla)
(D-A þá)
(PP (P af)
(NP (Q-D öllum) (NS-D þjóðum)))))
(, ,-,)
(CP-CLF (WNP-2 0)
(C sem)
(IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (NP-POS (PRO-N þinn))
(N-N faðir))
(HVPI hefur)
(NP-OB2 (PRO-D þér))
(VBN gefið)))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

==CP-CLF headed by ''að''==

2019-05-21T12:34:50Z

Einarfs: /* Þ */

==A==

[[A]] for negation, see [[AT]]

[[AÐEINS]], tag as FP=focus particle, cf. ''only'' in English

[[AF HVERJU]] 'why', parse (WPP (P af) (WNP (WPRO-D hverju)))

AFTAN can be ADV or P, depending on whether it takes a complement or not.

[[AFTUR]], 'again', tag as ADVP, '''not''' as ADVP-TMP, cf. [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#again PPCME]. When [[AFTUR]] means 'back', tag as ADVP-DIR. When it is ambiguous, tag as ADVP-DIR.

[[AFVEGA]] is tagged ADV.

[[ALLA REIÐU]], parse NP-TMP.

[[ALLUR]], [[ALLIR]], tagged Q

ALLEINASTA, ALLEINA is generally used as a focus particle and accordingly tagged FP, as with English ONLY in focus particle use.

ALLTAF is ADVP-TMP. When written ALLT AF, tag it as ADV21 allt ADV22 af, projecting ADVP-TMP.

[[ALLT AF LÉTTA]], "af létta" is a PP and the lemma of létta is létti.

[[ALLT Í EINU]]

ALLT TIL + NP (e.g. "allt til enda veraldar"), the whole thing is a PP idominating Q-N allt:

<pre>
(PP (Q-N allt-allur)
(P til-til)
(NP (ADJS-G yðsta-ytri)
(NP-POS (N-G jarðar-jörð))
(N-G enda-endi)))))))))))
</pre>

[[ALLS]] can be an ADV or P. ALLS is always tagged P when it introduces a CP-ADV, in which case it has a meaning akin to "þar sem" or "af því að".

[[ALLSKYNS]]

[[ALÞING(I)]] is tagged NPR rather than N.

[[ANGRA]] is *not* treated as having an accusative subject. So in sentences like "Hún angraði þau" (= "She angered them"), "Hún" is parsed as the NP-SBJ. This analysis is based on the intuitions of modern speakers, but note that it may not be the correct analysis for *all* texts and periods of the language.

[[ANNAÐHVORT]] tagged OTHER+WPRO, and should not have case (only) when it functions as a correlative conjunction.

[[ANNAÐ TVEGGJA]], tag as NP-ADV

[[ANNAR]], in most cases is tagged as OTHER; AÐRIR as OTHERS. However, if ANNAR clearly means the ordinal number "second" in context, it is tagged ADJ as all ordinal numbers are.

[[ANNARS]], when it occurs alone, without being assigned the genitive gase, parse as NP-ADV.

[[ANNO]] Latin "year", used for dates, is tagged FW.

[[ARNA/ARNI]] the swearing-expletive-like element, as in ""skituna þá arna", is simply tagged N.

[[AT]] or [[A]], negation suffix (the lemma is -at): "þá verðura honum gagn" 'then will.be-not him use'

[[AUK]] can be P or ADV, depending on whether it takes a complement or not.

==Á==

[[Á]] either RP or P; see [[RP]]

[[ÁÐUR]] is ADV when it occurs alone, projecting an ADVP-TMP. But when it introduces an adverbial clause alone, it is a P. When [[ÁÐUR]] introduces a comparative clause (which has an adverbial function) along with "en", see [[ÁÐUR EN]] below.

[[ÁÐUR EN]], [[ÁÐUR EN AÐ]] ÁÐUR is tagged ADVR and projects an [[ADVP-TMP]]. The EN is a P and frequently takes a [[CP-CMP]] complement; see the documentation there. (cf. also [[FYRR EN]], [[FYRR EN AÐ]]). Note that this construction sometimes occurs without the EN in older texts.

ÁLÍKA is tagged ADVR when it introduces a comparative clause.

ÁN, this preposition assigns genitive in Modern Icelandic, but in Old Icelandic, such as Homiliubok (12th century), Thorlakur (13th century), Alexander (13th/14th century), Marta (14th century), Bandamenn (15th century), Ector (15th century) and Judit (15th century), it sometimes assigns dative.

==B==
[[Á BAK VIÐ]], the whole expression is a PP; the PP headed by VIÐ is the complement of the noun BAK. In the cases where the prepositon Á is missing, [[BAK VIÐ]], parse it nevertheless as a PP with an empty preposition. This is similar to the [[Á MÓTI]] expression (which takes a NP-COM complement).

BARA is tagged FP.

[[BÁÐIR]], tagged as Q.

[[BÆÐI]] is tagged CONJ when it is part of a correlative conjunction, but otherwise it is a form of the quantifier [[BÁÐIR]].

[[BÆÐI OG]] is a [[FLOATED CONJUNCTION]]. Note that ''bæði'' can be a neuter form of the quantifier [[BÁÐIR]].

BRAUT undeclined "braut" indicating motion away ("abroad"), either occurring alone or inside a PP, is tagged ADV. Any declined forms or otherwise clearly nominal forms are tagged N.

[[BRÁÐ]], as in Í BRÁÐ, Í BRÁÐINA, is a noun projecting an NP.

[[BRÁTT]], tag as ADVP-TMP.

BURTSÉÐ is parsed as BURT$ $SÉÐ and tagged as ADV VAN.

[[BÚA]] in the periphrastic perfect construction VERA BÚINN AÐ X (where X is some VB forming an IP-INF with AÐ), BÚA is tagged VBN, not VAN. Click on link for an example.

==D==
DAGLEGANA, and some other adverbs ending with "lega+na", are temporal (cf. also NÝLEGANA)

DÆMI is N, and "til dæmis" can project a FRAG in cases such as the one below:

<pre>
( (QTP (" ")
(PP (P Af-af)
(NP (PRO-D því-það)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE-SPE-PRN (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hvað-hver))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ADV-XXX *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þér-þú))
(VBPI veljið-velja)
(NP-OB2 (PRO-D yður-þú))
(NP-OB1 (ADJ-A góða-góður)
(NS-A vini-vinur)
(, ,-,)
(FRAG (PP (P t.-til)
(NP (N-G d.-dæmi)))
(NP (N-A herra-herra) (NPR-A Þorlák-þorlák))))))))
(. .-.)
(" ")))

</pre>

==E==

[[EF]] 'if', tagged as P; it introduces an adverbial clause (like [[ÞEGAR]] often does)

[[EF TIL VILL]], e.t.v. 'maybe, perhaps'

[[EFTIR]] can be P or ADV. See also discussion in [[RP]] and [[NP-TMP]]. When "eftir" modifies an NP-TMP, the structure is:

<pre>
(NP-TMP (OTHER-A Annan-annar) (N-A dag-dagur) (ADV eftir-eftir))
</pre>

[[EI]], usually tagged as NEG. However, it sometimes means 'always, forever' (as in [[EILÍFUR]]). Then it is parsed ADVP-TMP.

[[EIGIN]], tag as ADJ.

[[EILÍFUR]], tagged ADJ. In the PP ''að eilífu'', [[EILÍFUR]] projects ADJP.

[[EINMITT]] is generally tagged ADV, but it may also have a focus particle use, and so the tagging convention may be revised (to FP) in later versions of the corpus.

[[EINHVER]] and EITTHVAÐ, etc, are tagged ONE+Q (when the meaning is "some"), not ONE+WPRO, see also [[EINHVERN TÍMA]].

[[EINN]], usually tagged as ONE. However, if it means "alone" in a copular clause (e.h. "Jón var þar einn"), it is tagged ADJ. Also, it can be tagged FP following the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#o English corpora] in the following case:

"When ONE means ONLY, ALONE and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT in the meaning NOT ONLY, it is treated as a focus particle (FP)."

EINN can also be in the plural, in which case it is tagged ONES.

[[EINNIG]], EINNINN 'also', tag as ALSO

[[EINS]], meaning 'alike' as in ''ekki fór eins fyrir honum og henni'', tag as ADJ. Otherwise, ADVR. In the EINS OG construction (a type of comparative) or any other comparative construction (see [[CP-CMP]]), "eins" is tagged ADVR. See EINS OG in [[ADJP#ADJ_heads_of_ADJP]] and [[ADJP#ADVR_heads_of_ADJP]]. Also, "eins" is ADVR in "undir eins".

[[EINSKONAR]] and margskonar, etc: Q+N-G, projecting NP-POS.

[[EINUNGIS]] is tagged FP.

[[EITTHVAÐ]] is tagged ONE+Q.

[[ELLEGAR]] , "otherwise", is tagged ADV and projects ADVP.

[[EN]] can be tagged CONJ or P, much like [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but BUT] in English. It can also be FP if it participates in the NEG...BUT construction.

[[ENDA]], usually tagged as ADV, but it can be CONJ in cases where it clearly conjoins clauses. ENDA can also be tagged P, but *only* where it *clearly* introduces a subordinate clause of the CP-ADV type; in this latter case ENDA usually means something like "on the condition that", and it introduces a CP-ADV without a C node but with V-to-C movement of a conditional verb [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-intro.htm#v_to_c]: "enda sé hann svo lítillátur..."

[[ENGINN]], tagged Q

[[ENNÞÁ]] or [[ENN ÞÁ]], tag as (ADVP-TMP (ADV enn) (ADV þá))

[[ER]] When it means 'which, that' it is a complementizer of a relative clause ([[CP-REL]]). When ER means "when", there are two possibilities (1) if there is no antecedent we take it to be a C as before, projecting a CP-ADV with no wh-word (as in the CP-ADV complement of "þegar") (2) if there is a temporal antecedent it introduces a CP-REL clause. Rarely, but on occasion ER can also be a complementizer projecting a CP-THT clause. (Check the latter parse when you find it in the corpora, as there may be confusion on this point).

[[ETC]] as in the English corpora, "etc" is tagged FW. It can appear at the clause level as FW in some cases, though it generally functions as an adverb phrase there.

[[EYKT]] is tagged N and projects NP-TMP. It means "half past 3 o´clock".

==F==
[[FÁ]] can be VB, or also MD when it tages a VBN complement (see also [[GETA]]).

[[FEIKN]] meaning "a great quantity" is tagged N and usually projects a NP-MSR.

[[FIRRUM]] is tagged ADV, projecting ADVP-TMP, like FORÐUM.

[[FJARRI]], tag either as ADVR or ADJR and lemmatize as FJÆR. The superlative of FJARRI is FJARST (ADVS) or FJARSTUR (ADJS) (both lemmatized as FJÆR); the superlative of FJÆR is FJÆRST (ADVS) or FJÆRSTUR (ADVR).

[[FJARST]], [[FJARSTUR]], [[FJÆR]], [[FJÆRST]], [[FJÆRSTUR]], lemmatized as [[FJÆR]]. See [[FJARRI]].

[[FJÓRÐUNGUR]] is tagged N, like HUNDRUÐ (not like HÁLFUR).

[[FRAM]] is tagged RP when it does not take a complement. Note that as with many of the words tagged RP, when FRAM immediately precedes a preposition heading a PP, it is parsed as [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-const.htm#clause_particles a specifier of PP].

[[FRAMAR]], FRAMAST are usually ADJR, ADJS respectively, projecting an [[NP-MSR]] like English "further/farther", "furthest/farthese". See also [[LANGT]].

[[FRAMVEGIS]], o.s.frv., og svo framvegis, etc: tagged ADV. These words can project an ADVP which can be coordinated with any category, as in the examples below. Note that when "svo" appears, it is attached at the level of CONJ, not inside the ADVP headed by FRAMVEGIS.

<pre>
(PP-1 (P about)
(NP (NP (NS Males))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NS Females)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADV so))
(ADVP (ADV forth)))))

</pre>

<pre>
(NP-PRN-1 (NP (N-D stöðuglyndi-stöðuglyndi)
(CONJ og-og)
(N-D sparsemi-sparsemi)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO að-að)
(VB passa-passa)
(RP upp-upp)
(PP (P á-á)
(NP (N-A heilsu-heilsa)
(NP-POS (PRO-A sína-sinn))))))
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo))
(ADVP (ADV framvegis-framvegis))))
(. .-.)))

</pre>

[[FREMI]], tag as ADV

[[FULLUR]]

[[FRÁ]] is tagged RP when it does not take a complement, like English "fro" in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/pos-misc.htm#focus_particles English corpora]. FRÁ can also be an ADV projecting an ADVP *only* when it is the complement of a preposition.

[[FYRIRGEFA]] when it takes 2 arguments, the dative (usually animate) one is NP-OB2, and the accusative one (the sin to be forgiven) is NP-OB1.

[[FYRIR OFAN]], parse as recursive PPs

[[FYRR EN]], [[FYRR EN AÐ]] FYRR is tagged ADVR and projects an [[ADVP-TMP]]. The EN is a P and it frequently takes a [[CP-CMP]] complement.(cf. [[ÁÐUR EN]], [[ÁÐUR EN AÐ]]).

[[FYRST]], tagged as P introducing CP-ADV when the meaning is 'since', as in ''I will do it since you won't''. When it is a temporal adverb, it is tagged ADVS (though there may be some inconsistency about whether it is tagged ADV or ADVS in the corpus).

[[FYRSTA]] unlike the English corpora, FYRSTA is tagged ADJ (not ADJS, i.e. not superlative), projecting an NP, in the PP ''í fyrstu'' 'at first' but not as ADV in that case. A strong argument for not doing it as in the English corpora is that [[FYRSTA]] can have a determiner, cf. ''í fyrstunni''. For the ordinal number form FYRSTA as in ''í fyrsta skipti'' 'for the first time', see [[FYRSTI]]. For the temporal adverb parallel to English ''first'', see [[FYRST]].

<pre>
(PP (P í)
(NP (ADJ-D fyrstu)))
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (P í)
(NP (ADJ-D fyrstu$) (D-D $nni))))
</pre>

[[FYRSTI]], the ordinal number FYRSTI is tagged ADJ.

==G==

[[GAMAN]] is tagged as an N by default. However, when modified by an adverb it is treated as an adjective.

[[GEGN]], [[GEGNUM]] can be P when it takes a complement, otherwise ADV. See also [[PP]]

[[GER]] see [[GJÖR]]

[[GERA]] is tagged DO, DODI, DOPI, etc., in all meanings. GERAST, however, is not tagged DO; GERAST is VB in the meanings "to happen" and "to become" in which case it takes a predicate. However, it is wise to include both DO and VB in searches for GERAST. See also [[Lemmatization]].

[[GJÖR]] is usually counterpart of the DO verb [[GERA]], but when it means 'better' it is ADVR (comparative, the superlative is GJÖRST/GERST). GER sometimes has the meaning 'good' and is tagged as ADJ.

[[GJÖRSVOVEL]] (subject to revision) we split this up into VBPI, ADV, and ADV, and parse normally. In this way, "við bara gjörsvovel og veiðum hann" (= "we just go ahead and catch him") will be split into two matrix tokens, and it will be necessary to search for "(VBDI gjör$)" in order to find such examples.

[[GETA]] when it takes a participle and means "be able to", it is tagged as a modal (MD). See modals [[MD]]. When GETA means 'mention' it is a regular verb, VB.

[[GIFTA]] can be a double object verb, taking NP-OB1 and NP-OB2.

[[GIFTAST]] where this verb takes a single object, who is the person that the subject is marrying, that object is NP-OB2.

[[GÆR]] as in "í gær" is tagged N-A.

==H==
[[HANDA]] projects NP in 'til handa honum' but PP in 'handa honum'

[[HÁLFUR]] usually NUM, following [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#h PPCME2 guidelines for HALF.]

HÁTTUR, see [[MEÐ SAMA HÆTTI]]

[[HEILL]] tagged ADJ.

[[HEILSA]] takes an NP-OB1 object, unlike ÞAKKA.

[[HEIM, HEIMA]] is tagged ADV. This is not like "home" in the English corpora, which is N. HEIMA is different because unlike English "home", HEIMA is generally not used as a noun (except in the construction "að eiga heima").

[[HEIMKOMINN]] "heim" is split off as an ADV projecting an ADVP-DIR, and "kominn" is VBN.

[[HELDRI]] is ADJR, see HELSTUR for ADJS.

[[HELDUR]] is ADVR; where it means "but", we assume there is a silent "but" or no conjunction. HELDUR can occasionally be tagged FP, especially if it appears to participate in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but NEG...BUT construction]. In the FP use, HELDUR can be translated as English "only" (in the NEG...BUT construction, NEG and NEMA together mean "only"). Click on the link for more information, as well as for examples of the HELDUR EN ("rather than") construction.

Please note that the NEG...BUT construction is *not* the same (does not have the same meaning as) [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-conj.htm#not_x_but_y NEG inside of a conjunction] with HELDUR, which also occurs.

"Allra helst" consists of an ADVS and an NP-POS, projecting an [[NP-ADV]] (preliminary version). Similarly, "allra flest" consists of an QS and an NP-POS, projecting an [[NP-MSR]] (preliminary version).

[[HELSTUR]] is tagged ADJS. HELST can also occur as an ADVS.

[[HINN]] is tagged D. It is still tagged D even when it is used in the meaning 'other'.

HINUMEGIN meaning "on the other side" is tagged N-D, and it usually takes an NP-POS complement, as in "hinumegin árinnar" (="on the other side of the river"). It projects an NP-ADV.

[[HÉR]] 'here' is usually tagged as ADVP-LOC. When it does not have a locative meaning, as in ''hér eftir'' 'from now on', it is only tagged as ADVP.

[[HUNDRAÐ]] and other quantity words that can occur in the plural (e.g. þÚSUND, TYLFT) are tagged N or NS, rather than NUM. This is following the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/pos-misc.htm#dozen English corpora guidelines] for the plurals of such quantity words.

[[HVAÐ]], sometimes WADV, as in HVAÐ ER ÞETTA MIKIÐ? (similar to HVE MIKIÐ ER ÞETTA?).

[[HVAÐA]], as in ''Hvaða fólk er þetta'', is tagged WD.

[[HVAÐAN AF]], WPP like English ''whereto''

[[HVAÐVETNA]], HOTVETNA, or HVERSVETNA, usually tagged as Q, projecting an ADVP-LOC. However, in older texts, it can also be a wh-word.

HVAR, meaning 'where' tag as WADV

[[HVARS]], old form for hvar es (= "hvar er"), see also [[ÞARS]]

[[HVARVETNA]], HORVETNA, when it does not intruduce a CP, it is tagged as WADV projecting ADVP-LOC.

[[HVATKI]]

[[HVE]], [[HVERSU]] 'how', tag as WADV, like English ''how''.

[[HVERIGUR]] is sometimes tagged WD.

[[HVERNIG]], HVERNINN

[[HVER]] meaning 'each' (as in HVER ANNAR 'each other') is tagged Q, but WPRO when it means 'who' (interrogative pronoun or relative pronoun).

HVERGI meaning "nowhere" is tagged Q+ADV, it projects ADVP-LOC or ADVP-DIR. HVERGI can also be a quantifier, meaning 'every (one)'.

[[HVÍ]] introduces CP-QUE. It usually means 'why' and is tagged WADV. However, in older Icelandic, it sometimes is the dative form of HVAÐ 'what' (as in "Hví sætir það?"). Then it is tagged WPRO-D.

HVÍLÍKUR can be tagged [[SUCH]], or it can be WD, in which case it functions as the wh-word counterpart to words like SLÍKUR and ÞVÍLÍKUR.

[[HVOR]], as in ''hvor hjá öðrum'' 'each with the other'

[[HVORKI]], HVORTKI meaning "neither" and used with NÉ (= "nor") is tagged CONJ.

[[HVORT]] usually tagged WQ, in which case it means "whether" and introduces an indirect question. Occasionally it can be WPRO and project a WNP, as in the case of English "whether" when it means "which of two", and HVORT is tagged WPRO in the expression "hvort sem er" (see [[CP-FRL]]).

[[HVORTVEGGJA]], HVORTTVEGGJA, and hvorirtveggja, hvorartveggja, etc., are tagged Q+NUM. HVORTVEGGJA is sometimes used as a correlative conjunction, similar to ANNAÐHVORT ... EÐA.

[[HVORUGUR]], HVORGI is tagged Q when a quantifier, CONJ if it is part of a correlative conjunction ("hvorugt...né..."). See the documentation in the English corpora for [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#neither EITHER, NEITHER].

[[HÆGRI]] 'right' and [[VINSTRI]] 'left', tag ADJ. These are frequently accusative, and may project an NP-DIR.

==I==

[[INNANTIL]], utantil, útifyrir, etc. are tagged ADV and generally project an ADVP-LOC.

[[ITEM]] the Latin word for "also", used in lists. We tag it FW, like "etc.", and it is similarly attached at the IP level in most cases. (See also [[ETC]]).

==J==
[[JÁ]] 'yes', tag INTJ.

[[JAFN(T)]] usually ADVR or ADJR, though it can also be ADJ like SAMUR. For more information about the ADVR and ADJR use, see the page linked to [[JAFN(T)]].

[[JAFNFRAMT]] is tagged ADVR+P.

[[JAFNFÆTIS]] ADVR+ADV, which frequently has a, NP-CMP sister.

[[JAFNVEL]] is tagged [[FP]] when it means 'even' but ADVR+ADV when it means equally well, and similarly other compounds with JAFN- are tagged "ADVR+"...

==K==

KANNSKI 'perhaps, maybe', tagged ADV. KANN SKE is tagged (ADV (ADV21 KANN) (ADV22 SKE))

KONAR, tag N-G. It is usually modified by a quantifier, cf. ALLS KONAR, and projects NP-POS. When written in one, ALLSKONAR is tagged Q+N-G; similarly EINSKONAR is tagged Q+N-G.

KRING, [[KRINGUM]] 'around, round', as in ''round the edges of the flowers'', is tagged P:

<pre>
(PP (P kringum)
(NP (PRO-A hana)))
</pre>

As in the case of MILLI, KRING(UM) always projects a PP, even if it is sometimes intransitive.

<pre>
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (NPR-N Pétur-pétur))
(VBDI ferðaðist-ferðast)
(PP (P um-um)
(PP (P kring-kring)))
(IP-INF-PRP (NP-OB1 (Q-G allra-allur))
(TO að-að)
(VB vitja-vitja)))))
</pre>

<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(NP-SBJ (Q-N allar-allur) (NS-N ekkjur$-ekkja) (D-N $nar-hinn))
(VBDI flykktust-flykkjast)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV utan-utan))
(PP (P um-um)
(PP (P kring-kring)
(NP (PRO-A hann-hann))))
(IP-PPL (VAG grátandi-gráta))))

</pre>

See also [[UMKRINGIS]]. See [[KRINGUR]] for cases like ''í krók og kring''

[[KRINGUR]] is a noun, as in ''í krók og (í) kring''

==L==

[[LANGUR]] usually ADJ and LENGRI is usually ADJR, both frequently project [[NP-MSR]] like English "further/farther"; see especially [[NP-MSR#NP-MSR_heading_ADJP]]. See also [[FRAMAR]].

LANGTUM, parsed as NP-MSR.

[[LENGI]] is ADV, as in "hann var þar lengi" (lit. ''he was there long'', i.e. 'he stayed there for a long time'). However, LENGI, like LANGUR, frequently projects an NP-MSR. Not to be confused with forms of LANGUR.

[[LIFA]] (verb, meaning live), often takes NP-MSR. "He lived 80 years."

[[LIFANDI]], tag VAG

[[LÍFS]], usually used as a predicate, "Hann er lífs" 'He is alive'. LÍFS projects an NP-POS which projects NP-PRD. With verbs like KOMAST, as in "Hann komst þaðan lífs", LÍFS projects NP-ADV.

LÍKA 'also', tag as [[ALSO]]; can exceptionally be ADVR and license a CP-CMP in Oddur Gottskálksson´s New Testament.

LíKT is ADVR when it licenses a comparative.

LÍTILL, LÍTIÐ 'little, not much', tag as ADV in "Þær þekktust lítið", cf. "Þær þekktust vel". Otherwise it is usually Q, QR, or QS, parallel to [[MIKIÐ]] provided it cannot be replaced by "smár" in the given usage. Anywhere that LÍTILL can be replaced by "smár", "smærri", or "smæstur", it is tagged ADJ, ADJR, or ADJS as appropriate. In cases in doubt (as to the precise meaning of the word in context), the default is Q (or QR, QS). See also [[NP-MSR]].

==M==
[[MANNGI]], [[MANGI]], tagged Q

[[MARGUR]], tagged Q

[[MEÐ SAMA HÆTTI]]

[[MEÐAL]] is P. See also [[MILLUM]], [[MILLI]].

[[MEÐAN]], Á MEÐAN, MEÐAN Á, Á MEÐAN Á; usually tagged P, projecting a PP and taking a CP-ADV complement, as with English "while". When MEÐAN takes no complement, it is tagged ADV and projects ADVP (this is the parse whether or not MEÐAN is the complement of another preposition). When MEÐAN takes no complement and occurs without Á, it generally projects an ADVP-TMP.

[[MEÐFERÐ]] tagged N, and frequently projects an NP-ADV as in "En-en kóngar-kóngur þeir-sá sem-sem þú-þú hefir-hafa meðferðar-meðferð eru-vera mínir-minn fangar-fangi" (usually "meðferðis") in the modern language.

[[MEGIN]] tagged N. In "öðru megin", MEGIN is tagged N-D and the phrase projects NP-ADV.

[[MIÐUR]]

[[MIKIÐ]], MIKILL This is tagged as a quantifier, Q, QR (for MEIRA), or QS, when it cannot be replaced by "stór", "stærri", "stærstur". If it can be replaced by "stór", then it is tagged ADJ, ADJR, or ADJS as appropriate. In cases in doubt (as to the precise meaning of the word in context), the default is Q (or QR, QS). See also [[NP-MSR]].

[[MILLI]]/[[MILLUM]] tagged as P, as in (PP (P millum) (NP bæja)) or (PP (P á) (PP (P millum (NP bæja))). If there is no complement of MILLI there can be cases where the PP idomsonly (P milli).

MITT can be the neuter form of the ADJ "miður", but when it means "in the middle" and does not agree with some argument in number and case, we tag it ADV and it projects an ADVP-LOC.

When MITT is a measure phrase, it is ADJ-A and projects NP-MSR.

[[MIÐUR]] as in "því miður":
<pre>
(ADVP (NP-MSR (PRO-D því-það))
(ADVR miður-miður))
</pre>

[[MISKUNNA]] takes NP-OB1.

See also [[NP-MSR]].

[[MJÖG]] is tagged ADV. When it occurs alone and means "much" or "a lot", it projects NP-MSR.

[[MÓTI]] as in ''á móti honum'' tagged "N", even when it means "facing", e.g. "hvor á móti öðrum". In this construction, "móti" is considered a dative N taking an NP-COM, analogously to English "side"; see the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#np_comp PPCME2,PPCEME guidelines on Complements of N and NP-COM]. When the preposition is missing parse the whole phrase as a PP with silent P.

==N==

NÉ is tagged CONJ, like English "nor"

[[NEI]] 'no', tag as INTJ.

[[NEINN]] 'no one, (not) any', tag as Q. In older texts, NÉ EINN is written meaning [[NEINN]]. This is tagged (Q (Q21 né) (Q22 einn))

[[NEMA]] tagged as P, analogously to English "except". NEMA can occasionally be tagged FP, especially if it appears to participate in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but NEG...BUT construction]. In the FP use, NEMA can be translated as English "only" (in the NEG...BUT construction, NEG and NEMA together mean "only"). See also HELDUR and EN.

[[NÉ EINN]], see [[NEINN]].

[[NOKKUR]] usually Q. But when NOKKUÐ means "quite" or "somewhat", it is tagged ADV.

[[NÓGU]], as in "nógu góður", is tagged ADVR.

[[NÓGUR]], GNÓGUR is tagged ADJR, and it frequently licenses an IP-INF-DEG or CP-DEG.

[[NÁLÆGT]] is generally tagged ADJ and frequently projects an ADJP-LOC, like NÆR. It can also be ADV.

[[NÆR]], [[NÆRRI]], NÆSTUM, are either ADV or ADJ. See the discussion in [[ADVP#Complements_of_ADVP]] and [[ADJP#Complements_of_ADJ]]. Note that NÆR can sometimes mean 'when', in which case it is ADV. NÆR can also be the wh-word "when" in Vídalínspostilla, in which (exceptional) case it is tagged WADV.

[[NÆRINDIS]] is usually ADJ, but otherwise like [[NÆRRI]] below; see the discussion in [[ADVP#Complements_of_ADVP]] and [[ADJP#Complements_of_ADJ]].

[[NÆSTA]] 'very', tag as ADV; when it means 'almost', see [[NÆSTUM]]

[[NÆST]] meaning "next" in "því næst" and "þessu næst" is tagged ADVS.

[[NÆSTUR]] when it is morphologically an adjective is tagged ADJS, whether prenominal or postnominal.

==O==

[[OG]] is most frequently tagged CONJ, but it can also be ALSO depending on the meaning. In comparatives OG is tagged P, including the case of "um leið og .." (= at the same time as). See [[CP-CMP]].

[[OGSVO]] can be tagged ALSO, if it has that meaning.

[[OF]] tagged as ADVR when it means 'too' as in 'too much', P when it takes a complement, and RP otherwise (the last case applies often when of is a word that has no obvious meaning in Old Icelandic)

[[OFSÖGUR]], in ''ofsögum sagt'', [[OFSÖGUM]] projects NP-ADT.

==R==

[[RAUNAR]], tagged as ADV.

==S==

[[SAKIR]] or SÖKUM is always tagged as NS, projecting an NP. It frequently projects a PP with a silent preposition, like MÓTI.

[[SAMAN]] is tagged ADV, usually attached high (''Þeir komu saman''). Sometimes it is though a part of an NP (''Ég hitti þau saman'', ''tímunum saman''). For TIL SAMANS, see [[PP]] documentation.

[[SAMUR]] 'same', tag as ADJ

[[SAMT SEM ÁÐUR]], see [[CP-CMP]]

[[SANNLEGA]], two of these, SANNLEGA, SANNLEGA, are parsed as one ADVP, cf. English, TRULY, TRULY (Bible)

[[SEINN]] usually an ADV projecting an ADVP-TMP, when it is a clausal modifier denoting the time that something happened. It can also be tagged ADJ when it modifies a noun. See the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#early PPCME2/PPCEME guidelines on EARLY and LATE].

[[SEM]] is always tagged as a complementizer, C. This is true even for comparatives such as ''feitur sem svín'', 'as fat as a pig'; see [[CP-CMP]] for a full discussion. This is not the same as the treatment of "as" in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#a PPCME2, PPCEME], and in general, our treatment of comparatives differs somewhat. All comparatives are treated as clausal, i.e. involving a CP-CMP, in Icelandic.

When SEM introduces an adverbial clause, it is still a complementizer, and it simply projects a CP-ADV in which it occupies the C position.

[[SEM AÐ]] is treated as a single C, like: (C (C21 sem-sem) (C22 að-að)).

[[SÉRHVER]] is tagged Q, just like the quantifier usage of HVER.

[[SICUT]] is tagged FW. It frequently introduces a [[CP-CMP]]. However, it sometimes doesn't.

[[SÍÐAN]], is usually an ADV projecting ADVP-TMP. It can also be a preposition (''Ég hef verið hér síðan í gær'' 'I have been here since yesterday') which can introduce CP-ADV (''Ég hef verið þreyttur síðan þú komst heim'' 'I have been tired since you came home')

[[SÍÐASTA]] is tagged ADJ (not ADJS, i.e. not superlative), projecting an NP, in the PP að síðustu(nni) 'at last'

[[SÍÐUR]] is tagged QR when it means "less", and it projects an ADVP in the PP "að síður".

[[SJALDAN]] 'seldom', sometimes [[SKJALDAN]] (e.g. in Ævisaga Jóns Steingrímssonar), projects ADVP-TMP

[[SJÁLFUR]] is tagged PRO, and is parsed as an NP-PRN when it modifies another pronoun, parallel to emphatic "himself", "herself", etc., in the English corpora.

[[SKIPA]], when it means 'appoint' it takes an NP-SPR.

[[SKÖMMU]], as in SKÖMMU SÍÐAR, is NP-MSR.

[[SLÍKUR]], 'such' is tagged [[SUCH]], like English ''such''

[[SMÁR]], taged ADJ. But "smám saman":

<pre>
(NP-MSR (ADV Smám) (ADV saman))
</pre>

SODAN, SODDAN, SVODDAN tagged [[SUCH]].

[[SPYRJA]], 'ask' takes ((NP-SBJ NOM) SPYR (NP-OB2 ACC) (NP-OB1 GEN))

[[STRAX]] is ADVP-TMP, it sometimes introduces CP-CMP, as in STRAX OG, STRAX SEM.

[[SVO]] is tagged as ADVR when it is a degree adverb, e.g. when it modifies an adjective or another adverb or occurs in a svo...að clause. As with English "so", when "svo" is not used in a degree sense (ADVR) or as a preposition (P), SVO is tagged ADV. In its adverbial (ADV) use, SVO can generally be paraphrased by "þannig" or "á þá leið" (in English, IN THAT WAY).

[[SVO SEM]]

[[STADDUR]] Although this is etymologically the participle of "steðja", it is generally used as an adjective and we tag it ADJ in most cases. On the very rare occasion that this parse is unlikely, STADDUR can also be tagged VAN or VBN.

STÓRUM when it means "much" is tagged ADV and projects an NP-MSR.

[[STUNDUM]] is tagged NS-D, and projects an [[NP-TMP]].

SUMUR, SUMIR, tagged as Q.

SUNDUR is ADV, projecting an ADVP complement in Í SUNDUR

==T==

[[TÍÐUM]] is NS-D and projects NP-TMP, like STUNDUM.

TUGUR is tagged N, and it frequently occurs within an NP-MSR (though this need not always be true).

TRÁSS can be a P taking a dative complement, meaning "even though", like German trotz or Danish.

TVENNUR, [[TVISVAR]], ÞRENNUR, etc. are tagged NUM, analogously to "once", "twice", "thrice" in English. These words are not tagged for case when they occur alone, but they are tagged for case if they appear inside a larger NP (e.g. "tvisvar sinnum").

[[TVÖFALDUR]] (TVEFALDUR) 'double', [[ÞREFALDUR]], etc. are tagged NUM.

==U==
[[UMKRINGIS]] is tagged ADV projecting ADVP-LOC when it does not take a complement. When it does, it is tagged as P. This is similar to the convention for [[UMHVERFIS]]. When [[UMKRINGIS]] is written in two words, it is parsed as two Ps, similar to UM KRING (see [[KRINGUM]]).

[[UMHVERFIS]] When it does not have a complement, it is tagged ADV and projects an ADVP-LOC. When UMHVERFIS does take a complement, as in "umhverfis borgina", it is tagged P.

UNDIR is a P. In expressions like "undir eins", "undir hádegi", or "undir eins og CP-CMP", UNDIR is still tagged P and takes a PP complement. See also [[PP]].

[[UNNVÖRPUM]] is NS-D with lemma UNNVARP, projecting NP-ADT.

[[UNS]] 'until', tag as P with CP-ADV as sister.

UTAN can be ADV or P, depending on whether it takes a complement or not. It can also be FP if it occurs in the NEG...BUT construction, like NEMA.

==V==

VAKIUÐR, tag VAN.

VANUR Note that VANUR frequently takes IP-INF complements; see the discussion in [[IP-INF]] and [[ADJP]].

[[VERÐA]] is tagged with its own tag, RD (RDDI, RDPI, RDDS, RDPS, etc.), in all uses. This is because, like BE, it has auxiliary and non-auxiliary uses in Icelandic. This matches the treatment of "werden" in Caitlin Light´s Early New High German corpus.

[[VETTUGI]] is tagged Q, meaning "nothing", "naught", as in "meta e-n að vettugi".

[[VINSTRI]] 'left' and [[HÆGRI]] 'right', tag ADJ.

[[VINSÆLL]] is an ADJ, even in sentences like "Hann var vinsæll af öllum mönnum" 'He was popular by every man'

[[VIRKA]] takes a small clause (IP-SMC) when it takes a predicate: "Þetta virkar ótrúverðugt".

==Y==

YFIR is tagged P when it takes a complement and projects a [[PP]], and RP when it does not take a complement. It can also be a degree modifier, like English OVER, in which case it is tagged ADVR: "yfir tvær þúsundir manns".

[[YFRIÐ]] is tagged as ADV when it modifies an adjective. [[YFRINN]] is, however, an adjective.

==Ý==

[[ÝMIST]] meaning "variously" is tagged Q without case and projecting an ADVP.

==Ö==

[[ÖLDUNGIS]] can be FP or ADV, depending on meaning.

[[ÖNDVERÐUR]] is ADJ. It projects an ADJP, even when it is inside a PP.

[[ÖRSKOT]] is tagged N, but it can project an NP-ADV in many contexts.

[[ÖÐRUVÍSI]] is tagged ADV. There may be some inconsistencies currently on this point, but it is easy to find.

==Þ==
[[ÞAÐ]] The object pronoun ÞAÐ is always tagged PRO. The subject pronoun ÞAÐ is tagged as PRO in any syntactic context where it *never* disappears under subject-finite-verb inversion. In Icelandic, when the finite verb fronts over the subject under V-to-C movement in matrix clauses or embedded topicalizations, truly non-expletive ÞAÐ will still surface in subject position, but truly expletive ÞAÐ will disappear. In any syntactic context in which ÞAÐ would disappear under subject-verb inversion, it is tagged ES (in accordance with Caitlin Light's Early New High German corpus). Such contexts include, at least: weather expressions, impersonals, and existentials.

ÞAÐ is tagged ES even in contexts where there is inter-speaker or inter-text (or diachronic) variation with regard to whether it disappears.

See [[Expletives]] also, for *exp*, which is the empty category corresponding to "(ES ÞAÐ)". Note that when ÞAÐ disappears under verb-movement, "(NP-SBJ *exp*)" is only inserted in the sentence if there is no other possible subject (e.g. it is not inserted in subject-postposition constructions).

[[ÞAÐ ER AÐ SEGJA]], [[ÞAÐ ER]], [[Þ.E.]] 'that is to say'

[[ÞANNIG]]

[[ÞANGAÐ TIL]], [[ÞAR TIL]] 'until' and [[ÞAR TIL AÐ]], [[ÞANGAÐ TIL AÐ]], 'until that', introduce an adverbial clause

ÞAR Á MEÐAL, treated like [[ÞAR Á MILLI]

[[ÞAR Á MILLI]], second PP idoms a P and a trace of the R-pronoun "þar".

[[ÞARS]], old form for ''þar es'' (= "þar er"), split "(ADV þar$-þar) (C $s-er), see also [[HVARS]].

[[ÞÁ ER]], [[ÞÁ ÞEGAR]]

[[ÞEGAR]], 'when', is tagged as P when it introduces an adverbial clause (i.e. in the case that there is no antecedent for the "when"-clause), CP-ADV, so ''þegar Norðmenn tóku ...'', 'when Norwegians took ...', is (PP (P þegar) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SUB Norðamenn) (VBD tóku) (...))).

However, ÞEGAR is tagged WADV when it introduces an indirect question or a relative clause, just as with English WHEN in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#w PPCME2/PPCEME].

ÞEGAR can also be tagged ADV, projecting an ADVP-TMP or an ADVP where it unambiguously means "immediately" or "promptly".

[[ÞEIM MUN]], [[ÞESS AÐ]]

[[ÞEYGI]] Icel. '(þó) eigi', '(though) not', tag (ADV þ$) (NEG $eygi).

[[ÞÓ]], [[ÞÓTT]] 'while' and [[ÞÓ AÐ]], [[ÞÓTT AÐ]], 'while that', introduce an adverbial clause (cf. [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm PPCME])

[[ÞVÍ]] is normally a dative pronoun, PRO. However, when it is a wh-word, meaning "hví" ("why"), it is tagged WADV. Where ÞVÍ means "because" by itself, or appears to function as an adverb by itself roughly meaning "therefore", it is still tagged PRO: see [[CP-THT]] for more information on how these constructions are parsed.

[[ÞVÍSA]], tag as D-D.

ÞVÍLÍKUR is tagged [[SUCH]], in the same was as SLÍKUR

for [[þar, þangað, þaðan]], as in þar sem (e. ''where''), þangað sem (e. ''to where''), þaðan sem (e. ''from where''), see [[CP-REL]]

NP-CMP

2019-05-15T12:44:43Z

Einarfs:

NP-CMP is for dative NP comparatives like (ADJP (NP-CMP sögu) (ADJR ríkari)), (ADJP (NP-CMP gulli) (ADJR betri)), ''líkari þér'', líkastur þér''

Examples:
Framar venju

Not used for the primitive: ''líkur þér'', ''því um líkt''

NP-CMP

2019-05-15T12:44:24Z

Einarfs:

CP-QUE

2019-05-13T11:26:55Z

Einarfs: /* Fragment questions */

Just as in [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-sub.htm#questions PPCME2,PPCEME].

Direct and indirect questions are parsed CP-QUE. A complementizer position not included if a question exhibits subject-verb inversion ([[verb fronting to C]]). A C-position is thus usually not included in direct questions, but included in indirect questions.

==Indirect questions==
<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Ég-ég))
(MDPI mun-munu)
(VB segja-segja)
(NP-OB2 (PRO-D þér-þú))
(NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það)
(CP-THT-SPE-PRN (C er-er)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þú-þú))
(VBPI spyrð-spyrja)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WPP-1 (P um-um)
(WNP (WD-A hverja-hver) (N-A konu-kona)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
(VBPS yrkja-yrkja))))))))
</pre>

Example with WPRO:
<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ en-en)
(NEG eigi-eigi)
(VBPI vitum-vita)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N vér-ég))
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hvað-hver))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBPI veldur-valda)))
(. .-.))
(ID PILTUR,.7))
</pre>

Example with WADV:
<pre>
(IP-INF (TO að-að)
(VB-TA segja-segja)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hvar-hvar))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO-PFSN hún-hún))
(BED-IA3SD var-vera)
(PP (P-A í-í)
(NP (N-MSADC heim$-heimur) (D $inn-hinn)))
(VAN-DAFSN borin-bera))))
</pre>

Example with WQ:

[[HVORT]] meaning "whether" and introducing an indirect question.

<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
(VBPI veit-vita)
(NEG ekki-ekki)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP (WQ hvort-hvort))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þið-þú))
(VBPI kannist-kanna)
(PP (P við-við)
(NP (PRO-A það-það)))))
(. ;-;))
(ID PILTUR,.1305))
</pre>

Note that in cases where the clause is ambiguous between a CP-QUE and CP-FRL, CP-QUE is the default.

====EF====
When EF 'if' heads a question, it is tagged WQ. Whether or not a complementizer position is filled, it is always included:

<pre>
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBDI spurðu-spyrja)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WQ ef-ef)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
(BEDS væri-vera)
(NP-PRD (NPR-N Kristur-kristur)))))))))
(. .-.))
(ID HOMILIUBOK,.217))
</pre>

==Direct questions==
<pre>
( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBPI Heldur$-halda)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N $ðu-þú))
(, ,-,)
(NP-VOC (N-N fóstri-fóstri)
(NP-POS (PRO-N minn-minn)))
(, ,-,)
(CP-THT-SPE (C að-að)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það))
(MDDS gæti-geta)
(VBN tekist-taka)))
(. ?-?)))
</pre>

<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBDI mælti-mæla)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo))
(, .-.)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP (WQ hvort-hvor))
(IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI eru-vera)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann)
(NP-PRN (NPR-A Steinar-steinar) (CONJ og-og) (NPR-N Önundur-önundur))
(NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV hér-hér))
(NP-PRN-1 (NS-N feðgar-feðgar))
</pre>

====Direct questions with expletive subject====
<pre>
( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *exp*)
(BEPI Er-vera)
(NEG ekki-ekki)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo)))
(. ?-?)
(" ")))
</pre>

====Direct questions without inversion====

==Adverbial WHETHER questions (CP-QUE-ADV)==
See [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-sub.htm#adverbial_whether_questions PPCEME guidelines].

HVORT SEM (see also [[HVORT SEM ER]])

==Fragment questions==

Fragment questions like "What about John?" are not parsed as CP-QUE but FRAG or QTP.

<pre>
( (FRAG (WNP (WPRO-N Hvað-hver))
(PP (P um-um)
(NP (Q-A alla-allur) (D-A þá-sá)))
(PP (ADV þarna-þarna)
(P á-á)
(NP (N-D spítala$-spítali) (D-D $num-hinn)))
(. ?-?))
(ID 1985.MARGSAGA.NAR-FIC,.95))
</pre>

CP-QUE

2019-05-13T11:26:37Z

Einarfs: /* Adverbial WHETHER questions (CP-QUE-ADV) */

Just as in [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-sub.htm#questions PPCME2,PPCEME].

Direct and indirect questions are parsed CP-QUE. A complementizer position not included if a question exhibits subject-verb inversion ([[verb fronting to C]]). A C-position is thus usually not included in direct questions, but included in indirect questions.

==Indirect questions==
<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N Ég-ég))
(MDPI mun-munu)
(VB segja-segja)
(NP-OB2 (PRO-D þér-þú))
(NP-OB1 (PRO-A það-það)
(CP-THT-SPE-PRN (C er-er)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þú-þú))
(VBPI spyrð-spyrja)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WPP-1 (P um-um)
(WNP (WD-A hverja-hver) (N-A konu-kona)))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (PP *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
(VBPS yrkja-yrkja))))))))
</pre>

Example with WPRO:
<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ en-en)
(NEG eigi-eigi)
(VBPI vitum-vita)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N vér-ég))
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hvað-hver))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(VBPI veldur-valda)))
(. .-.))
(ID PILTUR,.7))
</pre>

Example with WADV:
<pre>
(IP-INF (TO að-að)
(VB-TA segja-segja)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV hvar-hvar))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO-PFSN hún-hún))
(BED-IA3SD var-vera)
(PP (P-A í-í)
(NP (N-MSADC heim$-heimur) (D $inn-hinn)))
(VAN-DAFSN borin-bera))))
</pre>

Example with WQ:

[[HVORT]] meaning "whether" and introducing an indirect question.

<pre>
( (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N ég-ég))
(VBPI veit-vita)
(NEG ekki-ekki)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP (WQ hvort-hvort))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þið-þú))
(VBPI kannist-kanna)
(PP (P við-við)
(NP (PRO-A það-það)))))
(. ;-;))
(ID PILTUR,.1305))
</pre>

Note that in cases where the clause is ambiguous between a CP-QUE and CP-FRL, CP-QUE is the default.

====EF====
When EF 'if' heads a question, it is tagged WQ. Whether or not a complementizer position is filled, it is always included:

<pre>
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBDI spurðu-spyrja)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE (WQ ef-ef)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
(BEDS væri-vera)
(NP-PRD (NPR-N Kristur-kristur)))))))))
(. .-.))
(ID HOMILIUBOK,.217))
</pre>

==Direct questions==
<pre>
( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (VBPI Heldur$-halda)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N $ðu-þú))
(, ,-,)
(NP-VOC (N-N fóstri-fóstri)
(NP-POS (PRO-N minn-minn)))
(, ,-,)
(CP-THT-SPE (C að-að)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það))
(MDDS gæti-geta)
(VBN tekist-taka)))
(. ?-?)))
</pre>

<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VBDI mælti-mæla)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo))
(, .-.)
(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP (WQ hvort-hvor))
(IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI eru-vera)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann)
(NP-PRN (NPR-A Steinar-steinar) (CONJ og-og) (NPR-N Önundur-önundur))
(NP-PRN *ICH*-1))
(ADVP (ADV hér-hér))
(NP-PRN-1 (NS-N feðgar-feðgar))
</pre>

====Direct questions with expletive subject====
<pre>
( (CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *exp*)
(BEPI Er-vera)
(NEG ekki-ekki)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo)))
(. ?-?)
(" ")))
</pre>

====Direct questions without inversion====

==Adverbial WHETHER questions (CP-QUE-ADV)==
See [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-sub.htm#adverbial_whether_questions PPCEME guidelines].

HVORT SEM (see also [[HVORT SEM ER]])

==Fragment questions==

Fragment questions like "What about John?" are not parsed as CP-QUE but FRAG or QTP.

<pre>
( (FRAG (NP (WPRO-N Hvað-hver))
(PP (P um-um)
(NP (Q-A alla-allur) (D-A þá-sá)))
(PP (ADV þarna-þarna)
(P á-á)
(NP (N-D spítala$-spítali) (D-D $num-hinn)))
(. ?-?))
(ID 1985.MARGSAGA.NAR-FIC,.95))
</pre>

Treatment of individual words

2019-05-10T15:47:01Z

Einarfs: /* B */

==A==

[[A]] for negation, see [[AT]]

[[AÐEINS]], tag as FP=focus particle, cf. ''only'' in English

[[AF HVERJU]] 'why', parse (WPP (P af) (WNP (WPRO-D hverju)))

AFTAN can be ADV or P, depending on whether it takes a complement or not.

[[AFTUR]], 'again', tag as ADVP, '''not''' as ADVP-TMP, cf. [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#again PPCME]. When [[AFTUR]] means 'back', tag as ADVP-DIR. When it is ambiguous, tag as ADVP-DIR.

[[AFVEGA]] is tagged ADV.

[[ALLA REIÐU]], parse NP-TMP.

[[ALLUR]], [[ALLIR]], tagged Q

ALLEINASTA, ALLEINA is generally used as a focus particle and accordingly tagged FP, as with English ONLY in focus particle use.

ALLTAF is ADVP-TMP. When written ALLT AF, tag it as ADV21 allt ADV22 af, projecting ADVP-TMP.

[[ALLT AF LÉTTA]], "af létta" is a PP and the lemma of létta is létti.

[[ALLT Í EINU]]

ALLT TIL + NP (e.g. "allt til enda veraldar"), the whole thing is a PP idominating Q-N allt:

<pre>
(PP (Q-N allt-allur)
(P til-til)
(NP (ADJS-G yðsta-ytri)
(NP-POS (N-G jarðar-jörð))
(N-G enda-endi)))))))))))
</pre>

[[ALLS]] can be an ADV or P. ALLS is always tagged P when it introduces a CP-ADV, in which case it has a meaning akin to "þar sem" or "af því að".

[[ALLSKYNS]]

[[ALÞING(I)]] is tagged NPR rather than N.

[[ANGRA]] is *not* treated as having an accusative subject. So in sentences like "Hún angraði þau" (= "She angered them"), "Hún" is parsed as the NP-SBJ. This analysis is based on the intuitions of modern speakers, but note that it may not be the correct analysis for *all* texts and periods of the language.

[[ANNAÐHVORT]] tagged OTHER+WPRO, and should not have case (only) when it functions as a correlative conjunction.

[[ANNAÐ TVEGGJA]], tag as NP-ADV

[[ANNAR]], in most cases is tagged as OTHER; AÐRIR as OTHERS. However, if ANNAR clearly means the ordinal number "second" in context, it is tagged ADJ as all ordinal numbers are.

[[ANNARS]], when it occurs alone, without being assigned the genitive gase, parse as NP-ADV.

[[ANNO]] Latin "year", used for dates, is tagged FW.

[[ARNA/ARNI]] the swearing-expletive-like element, as in ""skituna þá arna", is simply tagged N.

[[AT]] or [[A]], negation suffix (the lemma is -at): "þá verðura honum gagn" 'then will.be-not him use'

[[AUK]] can be P or ADV, depending on whether it takes a complement or not.

==Á==

[[Á]] either RP or P; see [[RP]]

[[ÁÐUR]] is ADV when it occurs alone, projecting an ADVP-TMP. But when it introduces an adverbial clause alone, it is a P. When [[ÁÐUR]] introduces a comparative clause (which has an adverbial function) along with "en", see [[ÁÐUR EN]] below.

[[ÁÐUR EN]], [[ÁÐUR EN AÐ]] ÁÐUR is tagged ADVR and projects an [[ADVP-TMP]]. The EN is a P and frequently takes a [[CP-CMP]] complement; see the documentation there. (cf. also [[FYRR EN]], [[FYRR EN AÐ]]). Note that this construction sometimes occurs without the EN in older texts.

ÁLÍKA is tagged ADVR when it introduces a comparative clause.

ÁN, this preposition assigns genitive in Modern Icelandic, but in Old Icelandic, such as Homiliubok (12th century), Thorlakur (13th century), Alexander (13th/14th century), Marta (14th century), Bandamenn (15th century), Ector (15th century) and Judit (15th century), it sometimes assigns dative.

==B==
[[Á BAK VIÐ]], the whole expression is a PP; the PP headed by VIÐ is the complement of the noun BAK. In the cases where the prepositon Á is missing, [[BAK VIÐ]], parse it nevertheless as a PP with an empty preposition. This is similar to the [[Á MÓTI]] expression (which takes a NP-COM complement).

BARA is tagged FP.

[[BÁÐIR]], tagged as Q.

[[BÆÐI]] is tagged CONJ when it is part of a correlative conjunction, but otherwise it is a form of the quantifier [[BÁÐIR]].

[[BÆÐI OG]] is a [[FLOATED CONJUNCTION]]. Note that ''bæði'' can be a neuter form of the quantifier [[BÁÐIR]].

BRAUT undeclined "braut" indicating motion away ("abroad"), either occurring alone or inside a PP, is tagged ADV. Any declined forms or otherwise clearly nominal forms are tagged N.

[[BRÁÐ]], as in Í BRÁÐ, Í BRÁÐINA, is a noun projecting an NP.

[[BRÁTT]], tag as ADVP-TMP.

BURTSÉÐ is parsed as BURT$ $SÉÐ and tagged as ADV VAN.

[[BÚA]] in the periphrastic perfect construction VERA BÚINN AÐ X (where X is some VB forming an IP-INF with AÐ), BÚA is tagged VBN, not VAN. Click on link for an example.

==D==
DAGLEGANA, and some other adverbs ending with "lega+na", are temporal (cf. also NÝLEGANA)

DÆMI is N, and "til dæmis" can project a FRAG in cases such as the one below:

<pre>
( (QTP (" ")
(PP (P Af-af)
(NP (PRO-D því-það)
(, ,-,)
(CP-QUE-SPE-PRN (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hvað-hver))
(C 0)
(IP-SUB-SPE (NP-ADV-XXX *T*-1)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þér-þú))
(VBPI veljið-velja)
(NP-OB2 (PRO-D yður-þú))
(NP-OB1 (ADJ-A góða-góður)
(NS-A vini-vinur)
(, ,-,)
(FRAG (PP (P t.-til)
(NP (N-G d.-dæmi)))
(NP (N-A herra-herra) (NPR-A Þorlák-þorlák))))))))
(. .-.)
(" ")))

</pre>

==E==

[[EF]] 'if', tagged as P; it introduces an adverbial clause (like [[ÞEGAR]] often does)

[[EF TIL VILL]], e.t.v. 'maybe, perhaps'

[[EFTIR]] can be P or ADV. See also discussion in [[RP]] and [[NP-TMP]]. When "eftir" modifies an NP-TMP, the structure is:

<pre>
(NP-TMP (OTHER-A Annan-annar) (N-A dag-dagur) (ADV eftir-eftir))
</pre>

[[EI]], usually tagged as NEG. However, it sometimes means 'always, forever' (as in [[EILÍFUR]]). Then it is parsed ADVP-TMP.

[[EIGIN]], tag as ADJ.

[[EILÍFUR]], tagged ADJ. In the PP ''að eilífu'', [[EILÍFUR]] projects ADJP.

[[EINMITT]] is generally tagged ADV, but it may also have a focus particle use, and so the tagging convention may be revised (to FP) in later versions of the corpus.

[[EINHVER]] and EITTHVAÐ, etc, are tagged ONE+Q (when the meaning is "some"), not ONE+WPRO, see also [[EINHVERN TÍMA]].

[[EINN]], usually tagged as ONE. However, if it means "alone" in a copular clause (e.h. "Jón var þar einn"), it is tagged ADJ. Also, it can be tagged FP following the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#o English corpora] in the following case:

"When ONE means ONLY, ALONE and follows the noun or pronoun it focuses or when it follows NOT in the meaning NOT ONLY, it is treated as a focus particle (FP)."

EINN can also be in the plural, in which case it is tagged ONES.

[[EINNIG]], EINNINN 'also', tag as ALSO

[[EINS]], meaning 'alike' as in ''ekki fór eins fyrir honum og henni'', tag as ADJ. Otherwise, ADVR. In the EINS OG construction (a type of comparative) or any other comparative construction (see [[CP-CMP]]), "eins" is tagged ADVR. See EINS OG in [[ADJP#ADJ_heads_of_ADJP]] and [[ADJP#ADVR_heads_of_ADJP]]. Also, "eins" is ADVR in "undir eins".

[[EINSKONAR]] and margskonar, etc: Q+N-G, projecting NP-POS.

[[EINUNGIS]] is tagged FP.

[[EITTHVAÐ]] is tagged ONE+Q.

[[ELLEGAR]] , "otherwise", is tagged ADV and projects ADVP.

[[EN]] can be tagged CONJ or P, much like [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but BUT] in English. It can also be FP if it participates in the NEG...BUT construction.

[[ENDA]], usually tagged as ADV, but it can be CONJ in cases where it clearly conjoins clauses. ENDA can also be tagged P, but *only* where it *clearly* introduces a subordinate clause of the CP-ADV type; in this latter case ENDA usually means something like "on the condition that", and it introduces a CP-ADV without a C node but with V-to-C movement of a conditional verb [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-intro.htm#v_to_c]: "enda sé hann svo lítillátur..."

[[ENGINN]], tagged Q

[[ENNÞÁ]] or [[ENN ÞÁ]], tag as (ADVP-TMP (ADV enn) (ADV þá))

[[ER]] When it means 'which, that' it is a complementizer of a relative clause ([[CP-REL]]). When ER means "when", there are two possibilities (1) if there is no antecedent we take it to be a C as before, projecting a CP-ADV with no wh-word (as in the CP-ADV complement of "þegar") (2) if there is a temporal antecedent it introduces a CP-REL clause. Rarely, but on occasion ER can also be a complementizer projecting a CP-THT clause. (Check the latter parse when you find it in the corpora, as there may be confusion on this point).

[[ETC]] as in the English corpora, "etc" is tagged FW. It can appear at the clause level as FW in some cases, though it generally functions as an adverb phrase there.

[[EYKT]] is tagged N and projects NP-TMP. It means "half past 3 o´clock".

==F==
[[FÁ]] can be VB, or also MD when it tages a VBN complement (see also [[GETA]]).

[[FEIKN]] meaning "a great quantity" is tagged N and usually projects a NP-MSR.

[[FIRRUM]] is tagged ADV, projecting ADVP-TMP, like FORÐUM.

[[FJARRI]], tag either as ADVR or ADJR and lemmatize as FJÆR. The superlative of FJARRI is FJARST (ADVS) or FJARSTUR (ADJS) (both lemmatized as FJÆR); the superlative of FJÆR is FJÆRST (ADVS) or FJÆRSTUR (ADVR).

[[FJARST]], [[FJARSTUR]], [[FJÆR]], [[FJÆRST]], [[FJÆRSTUR]], lemmatized as [[FJÆR]]. See [[FJARRI]].

[[FJÓRÐUNGUR]] is tagged N, like HUNDRUÐ (not like HÁLFUR).

[[FRAM]] is tagged RP when it does not take a complement. Note that as with many of the words tagged RP, when FRAM immediately precedes a preposition heading a PP, it is parsed as [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-const.htm#clause_particles a specifier of PP].

[[FRAMAR]], FRAMAST are usually ADJR, ADJS respectively, projecting an [[NP-MSR]] like English "further/farther", "furthest/farthese". See also [[LANGT]].

[[FRAMVEGIS]], o.s.frv., og svo framvegis, etc: tagged ADV. These words can project an ADVP which can be coordinated with any category, as in the examples below. Note that when "svo" appears, it is attached at the level of CONJ, not inside the ADVP headed by FRAMVEGIS.

<pre>
(PP-1 (P about)
(NP (NP (NS Males))
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(NP (NS Females)))
(, ,)
(CONJP (CONJ and)
(ADVP (ADV so))
(ADVP (ADV forth)))))

</pre>

<pre>
(NP-PRN-1 (NP (N-D stöðuglyndi-stöðuglyndi)
(CONJ og-og)
(N-D sparsemi-sparsemi)
(IP-INF-PRP (TO að-að)
(VB passa-passa)
(RP upp-upp)
(PP (P á-á)
(NP (N-A heilsu-heilsa)
(NP-POS (PRO-A sína-sinn))))))
(CONJP (CONJ og-og)
(ADVP (ADV svo-svo))
(ADVP (ADV framvegis-framvegis))))
(. .-.)))

</pre>

[[FREMI]], tag as ADV

[[FULLUR]]

[[FRÁ]] is tagged RP when it does not take a complement, like English "fro" in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/pos-misc.htm#focus_particles English corpora]. FRÁ can also be an ADV projecting an ADVP *only* when it is the complement of a preposition.

[[FYRIRGEFA]] when it takes 2 arguments, the dative (usually animate) one is NP-OB2, and the accusative one (the sin to be forgiven) is NP-OB1.

[[FYRIR OFAN]], parse as recursive PPs

[[FYRR EN]], [[FYRR EN AÐ]] FYRR is tagged ADVR and projects an [[ADVP-TMP]]. The EN is a P and it frequently takes a [[CP-CMP]] complement.(cf. [[ÁÐUR EN]], [[ÁÐUR EN AÐ]]).

[[FYRST]], tagged as P introducing CP-ADV when the meaning is 'since', as in ''I will do it since you won't''. When it is a temporal adverb, it is tagged ADVS (though there may be some inconsistency about whether it is tagged ADV or ADVS in the corpus).

[[FYRSTA]] unlike the English corpora, FYRSTA is tagged ADJ (not ADJS, i.e. not superlative), projecting an NP, in the PP ''í fyrstu'' 'at first' but not as ADV in that case. A strong argument for not doing it as in the English corpora is that [[FYRSTA]] can have a determiner, cf. ''í fyrstunni''. For the ordinal number form FYRSTA as in ''í fyrsta skipti'' 'for the first time', see [[FYRSTI]]. For the temporal adverb parallel to English ''first'', see [[FYRST]].

<pre>
(PP (P í)
(NP (ADJ-D fyrstu)))
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (P í)
(NP (ADJ-D fyrstu$) (D-D $nni))))
</pre>

[[FYRSTI]], the ordinal number FYRSTI is tagged ADJ.

==G==

[[GAMAN]] is tagged as an N by default. However, when modified by an adverb it is treated as an adjective.

[[GEGN]], [[GEGNUM]] can be P when it takes a complement, otherwise ADV. See also [[PP]]

[[GER]] see [[GJÖR]]

[[GERA]] is tagged DO, DODI, DOPI, etc., in all meanings. GERAST, however, is not tagged DO; GERAST is VB in the meanings "to happen" and "to become" in which case it takes a predicate. However, it is wise to include both DO and VB in searches for GERAST. See also [[Lemmatization]].

[[GJÖR]] is usually counterpart of the DO verb [[GERA]], but when it means 'better' it is ADVR (comparative, the superlative is GJÖRST/GERST). GER sometimes has the meaning 'good' and is tagged as ADJ.

[[GJÖRSVOVEL]] (subject to revision) we split this up into VBPI, ADV, and ADV, and parse normally. In this way, "við bara gjörsvovel og veiðum hann" (= "we just go ahead and catch him") will be split into two matrix tokens, and it will be necessary to search for "(VBDI gjör$)" in order to find such examples.

[[GETA]] when it takes a participle and means "be able to", it is tagged as a modal (MD). See modals [[MD]]. When GETA means 'mention' it is a regular verb, VB.

[[GIFTA]] can be a double object verb, taking NP-OB1 and NP-OB2.

[[GIFTAST]] where this verb takes a single object, who is the person that the subject is marrying, that object is NP-OB2.

[[GÆR]] as in "í gær" is tagged N-A.

==H==
[[HANDA]] projects NP in 'til handa honum' but PP in 'handa honum'

[[HÁLFUR]] usually NUM, following [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#h PPCME2 guidelines for HALF.]

HÁTTUR, see [[MEÐ SAMA HÆTTI]]

[[HEILL]] tagged ADJ.

[[HEILSA]] takes an NP-OB1 object, unlike ÞAKKA.

[[HEIM, HEIMA]] is tagged ADV. This is not like "home" in the English corpora, which is N. HEIMA is different because unlike English "home", HEIMA is generally not used as a noun (except in the construction "að eiga heima").

[[HEIMKOMINN]] "heim" is split off as an ADV projecting an ADVP-DIR, and "kominn" is VBN.

[[HELDRI]] is ADJR, see HELSTUR for ADJS.

[[HELDUR]] is ADVR; where it means "but", we assume there is a silent "but" or no conjunction. HELDUR can occasionally be tagged FP, especially if it appears to participate in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but NEG...BUT construction]. In the FP use, HELDUR can be translated as English "only" (in the NEG...BUT construction, NEG and NEMA together mean "only"). Click on the link for more information, as well as for examples of the HELDUR EN ("rather than") construction.

Please note that the NEG...BUT construction is *not* the same (does not have the same meaning as) [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-conj.htm#not_x_but_y NEG inside of a conjunction] with HELDUR, which also occurs.

"Allra helst" consists of an ADVS and an NP-POS, projecting an [[NP-ADV]] (preliminary version). Similarly, "allra flest" consists of an QS and an NP-POS, projecting an [[NP-MSR]] (preliminary version).

[[HELSTUR]] is tagged ADJS. HELST can also occur as an ADVS.

[[HINN]] is tagged D. It is still tagged D even when it is used in the meaning 'other'.

HINUMEGIN meaning "on the other side" is tagged N-D, and it usually takes an NP-POS complement, as in "hinumegin árinnar" (="on the other side of the river"). It projects an NP-ADV.

[[HÉR]] 'here' is usually tagged as ADVP-LOC. When it does not have a locative meaning, as in ''hér eftir'' 'from now on', it is only tagged as ADVP.

[[HUNDRAÐ]] and other quantity words that can occur in the plural (e.g. þÚSUND, TYLFT) are tagged N or NS, rather than NUM. This is following the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/pos-misc.htm#dozen English corpora guidelines] for the plurals of such quantity words.

[[HVAÐ]], sometimes WADV, as in HVAÐ ER ÞETTA MIKIÐ? (similar to HVE MIKIÐ ER ÞETTA?).

[[HVAÐA]], as in ''Hvaða fólk er þetta'', is tagged WD.

[[HVAÐAN AF]], WPP like English ''whereto''

[[HVAÐVETNA]], HOTVETNA, or HVERSVETNA, usually tagged as Q, projecting an ADVP-LOC. However, in older texts, it can also be a wh-word.

HVAR, meaning 'where' tag as WADV

[[HVARS]], old form for hvar es (= "hvar er"), see also [[ÞARS]]

[[HVARVETNA]], HORVETNA, when it does not intruduce a CP, it is tagged as WADV projecting ADVP-LOC.

[[HVATKI]]

[[HVE]], [[HVERSU]] 'how', tag as WADV, like English ''how''.

[[HVERIGUR]] is sometimes tagged WD.

[[HVERNIG]], HVERNINN

[[HVER]] meaning 'each' (as in HVER ANNAR 'each other') is tagged Q, but WPRO when it means 'who' (interrogative pronoun or relative pronoun).

HVERGI meaning "nowhere" is tagged Q+ADV, it projects ADVP-LOC or ADVP-DIR. HVERGI can also be a quantifier, meaning 'every (one)'.

[[HVÍ]] introduces CP-QUE. It usually means 'why' and is tagged WADV. However, in older Icelandic, it sometimes is the dative form of HVAÐ 'what' (as in "Hví sætir það?"). Then it is tagged WPRO-D.

HVÍLÍKUR can be tagged [[SUCH]], or it can be WD, in which case it functions as the wh-word counterpart to words like SLÍKUR and ÞVÍLÍKUR.

[[HVOR]], as in ''hvor hjá öðrum'' 'each with the other'

[[HVORKI]], HVORTKI meaning "neither" and used with NÉ (= "nor") is tagged CONJ.

[[HVORT]] usually tagged WQ, in which case it means "whether" and introduces an indirect question. Occasionally it can be WPRO and project a WNP, as in the case of English "whether" when it means "which of two", and HVORT is tagged WPRO in the expression "hvort sem er" (see [[CP-FRL]]).

[[HVORTVEGGJA]], HVORTTVEGGJA, and hvorirtveggja, hvorartveggja, etc., are tagged Q+NUM. HVORTVEGGJA is sometimes used as a correlative conjunction, similar to ANNAÐHVORT ... EÐA.

[[HVORUGUR]], HVORGI is tagged Q when a quantifier, CONJ if it is part of a correlative conjunction ("hvorugt...né..."). See the documentation in the English corpora for [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#neither EITHER, NEITHER].

[[HÆGRI]] 'right' and [[VINSTRI]] 'left', tag ADJ. These are frequently accusative, and may project an NP-DIR.

==I==

[[INNANTIL]], utantil, útifyrir, etc. are tagged ADV and generally project an ADVP-LOC.

[[ITEM]] the Latin word for "also", used in lists. We tag it FW, like "etc.", and it is similarly attached at the IP level in most cases. (See also [[ETC]]).

==J==
[[JÁ]] 'yes', tag INTJ.

[[JAFN(T)]] usually ADVR or ADJR, though it can also be ADJ like SAMUR. For more information about the ADVR and ADJR use, see the page linked to [[JAFN(T)]].

[[JAFNFRAMT]] is tagged ADVR+P.

[[JAFNFÆTIS]] ADVR+ADV, which frequently has a, NP-CMP sister.

[[JAFNVEL]] is tagged [[FP]] when it means 'even' but ADVR+ADV when it means equally well, and similarly other compounds with JAFN- are tagged "ADVR+"...

==K==

KANNSKI 'perhaps, maybe', tagged ADV. KANN SKE is tagged (ADV (ADV21 KANN) (ADV22 SKE))

KONAR, tag N-G. It is usually modified by a quantifier, cf. ALLS KONAR, and projects NP-POS. When written in one, ALLSKONAR is tagged Q+N-G; similarly EINSKONAR is tagged Q+N-G.

KRING, [[KRINGUM]] 'around, round', as in ''round the edges of the flowers'', is tagged P:

<pre>
(PP (P kringum)
(NP (PRO-A hana)))
</pre>

As in the case of MILLI, KRING(UM) always projects a PP, even if it is sometimes intransitive.

<pre>
(IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-2)
(NP-SBJ (NPR-N Pétur-pétur))
(VBDI ferðaðist-ferðast)
(PP (P um-um)
(PP (P kring-kring)))
(IP-INF-PRP (NP-OB1 (Q-G allra-allur))
(TO að-að)
(VB vitja-vitja)))))
</pre>

<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(NP-SBJ (Q-N allar-allur) (NS-N ekkjur$-ekkja) (D-N $nar-hinn))
(VBDI flykktust-flykkjast)
(ADVP-LOC (ADV utan-utan))
(PP (P um-um)
(PP (P kring-kring)
(NP (PRO-A hann-hann))))
(IP-PPL (VAG grátandi-gráta))))

</pre>

See also [[UMKRINGIS]]. See [[KRINGUR]] for cases like ''í krók og kring''

[[KRINGUR]] is a noun, as in ''í krók og (í) kring''

==L==

[[LANGUR]] usually ADJ and LENGRI is usually ADJR, both frequently project [[NP-MSR]] like English "further/farther"; see especially [[NP-MSR#NP-MSR_heading_ADJP]]. See also [[FRAMAR]].

LANGTUM, parsed as NP-MSR.

[[LENGI]] is ADV, as in "hann var þar lengi" (lit. ''he was there long'', i.e. 'he stayed there for a long time'). However, LENGI, like LANGUR, frequently projects an NP-MSR. Not to be confused with forms of LANGUR.

[[LIFA]] (verb, meaning live), often takes NP-MSR. "He lived 80 years."

[[LIFANDI]], tag VAG

[[LÍFS]], usually used as a predicate, "Hann er lífs" 'He is alive'. LÍFS projects an NP-POS which projects NP-PRD. With verbs like KOMAST, as in "Hann komst þaðan lífs", LÍFS projects NP-ADV.

LÍKA 'also', tag as [[ALSO]]; can exceptionally be ADVR and license a CP-CMP in Oddur Gottskálksson´s New Testament.

LíKT is ADVR when it licenses a comparative.

LÍTILL, LÍTIÐ 'little, not much', tag as ADV in "Þær þekktust lítið", cf. "Þær þekktust vel". Otherwise it is usually Q, QR, or QS, parallel to [[MIKIÐ]] provided it cannot be replaced by "smár" in the given usage. Anywhere that LÍTILL can be replaced by "smár", "smærri", or "smæstur", it is tagged ADJ, ADJR, or ADJS as appropriate. In cases in doubt (as to the precise meaning of the word in context), the default is Q (or QR, QS). See also [[NP-MSR]].

==M==
[[MANNGI]], [[MANGI]], tagged Q

[[MARGUR]], tagged Q

[[MEÐ SAMA HÆTTI]]

[[MEÐAL]] is P. See also [[MILLUM]], [[MILLI]].

[[MEÐAN]], Á MEÐAN, MEÐAN Á, Á MEÐAN Á; usually tagged P, projecting a PP and taking a CP-ADV complement, as with English "while". When MEÐAN takes no complement, it is tagged ADV and projects ADVP (this is the parse whether or not MEÐAN is the complement of another preposition). When MEÐAN takes no complement and occurs without Á, it generally projects an ADVP-TMP.

[[MEÐFERÐ]] tagged N, and frequently projects an NP-ADV as in "En-en kóngar-kóngur þeir-sá sem-sem þú-þú hefir-hafa meðferðar-meðferð eru-vera mínir-minn fangar-fangi" (usually "meðferðis") in the modern language.

[[MEGIN]] tagged N. In "öðru megin", MEGIN is tagged N-D and the phrase projects NP-ADV.

[[MIÐUR]]

[[MIKIÐ]], MIKILL This is tagged as a quantifier, Q, QR (for MEIRA), or QS, when it cannot be replaced by "stór", "stærri", "stærstur". If it can be replaced by "stór", then it is tagged ADJ, ADJR, or ADJS as appropriate. In cases in doubt (as to the precise meaning of the word in context), the default is Q (or QR, QS). See also [[NP-MSR]].

[[MILLI]]/[[MILLUM]] tagged as P, as in (PP (P millum) (NP bæja)) or (PP (P á) (PP (P millum (NP bæja))). If there is no complement of MILLI there can be cases where the PP idomsonly (P milli).

MITT can be the neuter form of the ADJ "miður", but when it means "in the middle" and does not agree with some argument in number and case, we tag it ADV and it projects an ADVP-LOC.

When MITT is a measure phrase, it is ADJ-A and projects NP-MSR.

[[MIÐUR]] as in "því miður":
<pre>
(ADVP (NP-MSR (PRO-D því-það))
(ADVR miður-miður))
</pre>

[[MISKUNNA]] takes NP-OB1.

See also [[NP-MSR]].

[[MJÖG]] is tagged ADV. When it occurs alone and means "much" or "a lot", it projects NP-MSR.

[[MÓTI]] as in ''á móti honum'' tagged "N", even when it means "facing", e.g. "hvor á móti öðrum". In this construction, "móti" is considered a dative N taking an NP-COM, analogously to English "side"; see the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#np_comp PPCME2,PPCEME guidelines on Complements of N and NP-COM]. When the preposition is missing parse the whole phrase as a PP with silent P.

==N==

NÉ is tagged CONJ, like English "nor"

[[NEI]] 'no', tag as INTJ.

[[NEINN]] 'no one, (not) any', tag as Q. In older texts, NÉ EINN is written meaning [[NEINN]]. This is tagged (Q (Q21 né) (Q22 einn))

[[NEMA]] tagged as P, analogously to English "except". NEMA can occasionally be tagged FP, especially if it appears to participate in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#but NEG...BUT construction]. In the FP use, NEMA can be translated as English "only" (in the NEG...BUT construction, NEG and NEMA together mean "only"). See also HELDUR and EN.

[[NÉ EINN]], see [[NEINN]].

[[NOKKUR]] usually Q. But when NOKKUÐ means "quite" or "somewhat", it is tagged ADV.

[[NÓGU]], as in "nógu góður", is tagged ADVR.

[[NÓGUR]], GNÓGUR is tagged ADJR, and it frequently licenses an IP-INF-DEG or CP-DEG.

[[NÁLÆGT]] is generally tagged ADJ and frequently projects an ADJP-LOC, like NÆR. It can also be ADV.

[[NÆR]], [[NÆRRI]], NÆSTUM, are either ADV or ADJ. See the discussion in [[ADVP#Complements_of_ADVP]] and [[ADJP#Complements_of_ADJ]]. Note that NÆR can sometimes mean 'when', in which case it is ADV. NÆR can also be the wh-word "when" in Vídalínspostilla, in which (exceptional) case it is tagged WADV.

[[NÆRINDIS]] is usually ADJ, but otherwise like [[NÆRRI]] below; see the discussion in [[ADVP#Complements_of_ADVP]] and [[ADJP#Complements_of_ADJ]].

[[NÆSTA]] 'very', tag as ADV; when it means 'almost', see [[NÆSTUM]]

[[NÆST]] meaning "next" in "því næst" and "þessu næst" is tagged ADVS.

[[NÆSTUR]] when it is morphologically an adjective is tagged ADJS, whether prenominal or postnominal.

==O==

[[OG]] is most frequently tagged CONJ, but it can also be ALSO depending on the meaning. In comparatives OG is tagged P, including the case of "um leið og .." (= at the same time as). See [[CP-CMP]].

[[OGSVO]] can be tagged ALSO, if it has that meaning.

[[OF]] tagged as ADVR when it means 'too' as in 'too much', P when it takes a complement, and RP otherwise (the last case applies often when of is a word that has no obvious meaning in Old Icelandic)

[[OFSÖGUR]], in ''ofsögum sagt'', [[OFSÖGUM]] projects NP-ADT.

==R==

[[RAUNAR]], tagged as ADV.

==S==

[[SAKIR]] or SÖKUM is always tagged as NS, projecting an NP. It frequently projects a PP with a silent preposition, like MÓTI.

[[SAMAN]] is tagged ADV, usually attached high (''Þeir komu saman''). Sometimes it is though a part of an NP (''Ég hitti þau saman'', ''tímunum saman''). For TIL SAMANS, see [[PP]] documentation.

[[SAMUR]] 'same', tag as ADJ

[[SAMT SEM ÁÐUR]], see [[CP-CMP]]

[[SANNLEGA]], two of these, SANNLEGA, SANNLEGA, are parsed as one ADVP, cf. English, TRULY, TRULY (Bible)

[[SEINN]] usually an ADV projecting an ADVP-TMP, when it is a clausal modifier denoting the time that something happened. It can also be tagged ADJ when it modifies a noun. See the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#early PPCME2/PPCEME guidelines on EARLY and LATE].

[[SEM]] is always tagged as a complementizer, C. This is true even for comparatives such as ''feitur sem svín'', 'as fat as a pig'; see [[CP-CMP]] for a full discussion. This is not the same as the treatment of "as" in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#a PPCME2, PPCEME], and in general, our treatment of comparatives differs somewhat. All comparatives are treated as clausal, i.e. involving a CP-CMP, in Icelandic.

When SEM introduces an adverbial clause, it is still a complementizer, and it simply projects a CP-ADV in which it occupies the C position.

[[SEM AÐ]] is treated as a single C, like: (C (C21 sem-sem) (C22 að-að)).

[[SÉRHVER]] is tagged Q, just like the quantifier usage of HVER.

[[SICUT]] is tagged FW. It frequently introduces a [[CP-CMP]]. However, it sometimes doesn't.

[[SÍÐAN]], is usually an ADV projecting ADVP-TMP. It can also be a preposition (''Ég hef verið hér síðan í gær'' 'I have been here since yesterday') which can introduce CP-ADV (''Ég hef verið þreyttur síðan þú komst heim'' 'I have been tired since you came home')

[[SÍÐASTA]] is tagged ADJ (not ADJS, i.e. not superlative), projecting an NP, in the PP að síðustu(nni) 'at last'

[[SÍÐUR]] is tagged QR when it means "less", and it projects an ADVP in the PP "að síður".

[[SJALDAN]] 'seldom', sometimes [[SKJALDAN]] (e.g. in Ævisaga Jóns Steingrímssonar), projects ADVP-TMP

[[SJÁLFUR]] is tagged PRO, and is parsed as an NP-PRN when it modifies another pronoun, parallel to emphatic "himself", "herself", etc., in the English corpora.

[[SKIPA]], when it means 'appoint' it takes an NP-SPR.

[[SKÖMMU]], as in SKÖMMU SÍÐAR, is NP-MSR.

[[SLÍKUR]], 'such' is tagged [[SUCH]], like English ''such''

[[SMÁR]], taged ADJ. But "smám saman":

<pre>
(NP-MSR (ADV Smám) (ADV saman))
</pre>

SODAN, SODDAN, SVODDAN tagged [[SUCH]].

[[SPYRJA]], 'ask' takes ((NP-SBJ NOM) SPYR (NP-OB2 ACC) (NP-OB1 GEN))

[[STRAX]] is ADVP-TMP, it sometimes introduces CP-CMP, as in STRAX OG, STRAX SEM.

[[SVO]] is tagged as ADVR when it is a degree adverb, e.g. when it modifies an adjective or another adverb or occurs in a svo...að clause. As with English "so", when "svo" is not used in a degree sense (ADVR) or as a preposition (P), SVO is tagged ADV. In its adverbial (ADV) use, SVO can generally be paraphrased by "þannig" or "á þá leið" (in English, IN THAT WAY).

[[SVO SEM]]

[[STADDUR]] Although this is etymologically the participle of "steðja", it is generally used as an adjective and we tag it ADJ in most cases. On the very rare occasion that this parse is unlikely, STADDUR can also be tagged VAN or VBN.

STÓRUM when it means "much" is tagged ADV and projects an NP-MSR.

[[STUNDUM]] is tagged NS-D, and projects an [[NP-TMP]].

SUMUR, SUMIR, tagged as Q.

SUNDUR is ADV, projecting an ADVP complement in Í SUNDUR

==T==

[[TÍÐUM]] is NS-D and projects NP-TMP, like STUNDUM.

TUGUR is tagged N, and it frequently occurs within an NP-MSR (though this need not always be true).

TRÁSS can be a P taking a dative complement, meaning "even though", like German trotz or Danish.

TVENNUR, [[TVISVAR]], ÞRENNUR, etc. are tagged NUM, analogously to "once", "twice", "thrice" in English. These words are not tagged for case when they occur alone, but they are tagged for case if they appear inside a larger NP (e.g. "tvisvar sinnum").

[[TVÖFALDUR]] (TVEFALDUR) 'double', [[ÞREFALDUR]], etc. are tagged NUM.

==U==
[[UMKRINGIS]] is tagged ADV projecting ADVP-LOC when it does not take a complement. When it does, it is tagged as P. This is similar to the convention for [[UMHVERFIS]]. When [[UMKRINGIS]] is written in two words, it is parsed as two Ps, similar to UM KRING (see [[KRINGUM]]).

[[UMHVERFIS]] When it does not have a complement, it is tagged ADV and projects an ADVP-LOC. When UMHVERFIS does take a complement, as in "umhverfis borgina", it is tagged P.

UNDIR is a P. In expressions like "undir eins", "undir hádegi", or "undir eins og CP-CMP", UNDIR is still tagged P and takes a PP complement. See also [[PP]].

[[UNNVÖRPUM]] is NS-D with lemma UNNVARP, projecting NP-ADT.

[[UNS]] 'until', tag as P with CP-ADV as sister.

UTAN can be ADV or P, depending on whether it takes a complement or not. It can also be FP if it occurs in the NEG...BUT construction, like NEMA.

==V==

VAKIUÐR, tag VAN.

VANUR Note that VANUR frequently takes IP-INF complements; see the discussion in [[IP-INF]] and [[ADJP]].

[[VERÐA]] is tagged with its own tag, RD (RDDI, RDPI, RDDS, RDPS, etc.), in all uses. This is because, like BE, it has auxiliary and non-auxiliary uses in Icelandic. This matches the treatment of "werden" in Caitlin Light´s Early New High German corpus.

[[VETTUGI]] is tagged Q, meaning "nothing", "naught", as in "meta e-n að vettugi".

[[VINSTRI]] 'left' and [[HÆGRI]] 'right', tag ADJ.

[[VINSÆLL]] is an ADJ, even in sentences like "Hann var vinsæll af öllum mönnum" 'He was popular by every man'

[[VIRKA]] takes a small clause (IP-SMC) when it takes a predicate: "Þetta virkar ótrúverðugt".

==Y==

YFIR is tagged P when it takes a complement and projects a [[PP]], and RP when it does not take a complement. It can also be a degree modifier, like English OVER, in which case it is tagged ADVR: "yfir tvær þúsundir manns".

[[YFRIÐ]] is tagged as ADV when it modifies an adjective. [[YFRINN]] is, however, an adjective.

==Ý==

[[ÝMIST]] meaning "variously" is tagged Q without case and projecting an ADVP.

==Ö==

[[ÖLDUNGIS]] can be FP or ADV, depending on meaning.

[[ÖNDVERÐUR]] is ADJ. It projects an ADJP, even when it is inside a PP.

[[ÖRSKOT]] is tagged N, but it can project an NP-ADV in many contexts.

[[ÖÐRUVÍSI]] is tagged ADV. There may be some inconsistencies currently on this point, but it is easy to find.

==Þ==
[[ÞAÐ]] The object pronoun ÞAÐ is always tagged PRO. The subject pronoun ÞAÐ is tagged as PRO in any syntactic context where it *never* disappears under subject-finite-verb inversion. In Icelandic, when the finite verb fronts over the subject under V-to-C movement in matrix clauses or embedded topicalizations, truly non-expletive ÞAÐ will still surface in subject position, but truly expletive ÞAÐ will disappear. In any syntactic context in which ÞAÐ would disappear under subject-verb inversion, it is tagged ES (in accordance with Caitlin Light's Early New High German corpus). Such contexts include, at least: weather expressions, impersonals, and existentials.

ÞAÐ is tagged ES even in contexts where there is inter-speaker or inter-text (or diachronic) variation with regard to whether it disappears.

See [[Expletives]] also, for *exp*, which is the empty category corresponding to "(ES ÞAÐ)". Note that when ÞAÐ disappears under verb-movement, "(NP-SBJ *exp*)" is only inserted in the sentence if there is no other possible subject (e.g. it is not inserted in subject-postposition constructions).

[[ÞAÐ ER AÐ SEGJA]], [[ÞAÐ ER]], [[Þ.E.]] 'that is to say'

[[ÞANNIG]]

[[ÞANGAÐ TIL]], [[ÞAR TIL]] 'until' and [[ÞAR TIL AÐ]], [[ÞANGAÐ TIL AÐ]], 'until that', introduce an adverbial clause

[[ÞAR Á MILLI]], second PP idoms a P and a trace of the R-pronoun "þar".

[[ÞARS]], old form for ''þar es'' (= "þar er"), split "(ADV þar$-þar) (C $s-er), see also [[HVARS]].

[[ÞÁ ER]], [[ÞÁ ÞEGAR]]

[[ÞEGAR]], 'when', is tagged as P when it introduces an adverbial clause (i.e. in the case that there is no antecedent for the "when"-clause), CP-ADV, so ''þegar Norðmenn tóku ...'', 'when Norwegians took ...', is (PP (P þegar) (CP-ADV (C 0) (IP-SUB (NP-SUB Norðamenn) (VBD tóku) (...))).

However, ÞEGAR is tagged WADV when it introduces an indirect question or a relative clause, just as with English WHEN in the [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm#w PPCME2/PPCEME].

ÞEGAR can also be tagged ADV, projecting an ADVP-TMP or an ADVP where it unambiguously means "immediately" or "promptly".

[[ÞEIM MUN]], [[ÞESS AÐ]]

[[ÞEYGI]] Icel. '(þó) eigi', '(though) not', tag (ADV þ$) (NEG $eygi).

[[ÞÓ]], [[ÞÓTT]] 'while' and [[ÞÓ AÐ]], [[ÞÓTT AÐ]], 'while that', introduce an adverbial clause (cf. [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/words.htm PPCME])

[[ÞVÍ]] is normally a dative pronoun, PRO. However, when it is a wh-word, meaning "hví" ("why"), it is tagged WADV. Where ÞVÍ means "because" by itself, or appears to function as an adverb by itself roughly meaning "therefore", it is still tagged PRO: see [[CP-THT]] for more information on how these constructions are parsed.

[[ÞVÍSA]], tag as D-D.

ÞVÍLÍKUR is tagged [[SUCH]], in the same was as SLÍKUR

for [[þar, þangað, þaðan]], as in þar sem (e. ''where''), þangað sem (e. ''to where''), þaðan sem (e. ''from where''), see [[CP-REL]]

NP-COM

2019-05-09T11:41:33Z

Einarfs: /* NÚMER */

For cases which would be parsed under the guidelines for [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#dat_of_poss NP-DPS in the PPCME2], we parse them as follows (lit. "God-DAT to hands")

<pre>
(PP (NP-1 (NPR-D Guði-guð))
(P til-til)
(NP (NS-G handa-hönd)
(NP-COM *ICH*-1)))
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (NP-3 (N-D heiminum-heimur))
(P til-til)
(NP (N-G lífs-líf)
(NP-COM *ICH*-3))))))
</pre>

Also:

<pre>
(PP (NP-1 (PRO-D mér-ég) (CONJ og-og) (Q-D öllum-allur))
(P að-að)
(ADJP (ADJ-D þakkarlausu-þakkarlaus)
(NP *ICH*-1)))))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

This is similar to the treatment of "Split Topicalization".

==NÚMER==

Maður [NP-COM númer fjögur]

NP-COM

2019-05-09T11:41:15Z

Einarfs:

PP

2019-05-07T11:03:37Z

Einarfs: /* ADJP Complements of P */

==Head types==

P - the only head type for prepositions

==Stranded prepositions==

[...] það máttu reiða þig upp á. (Piltur og stúlka)

For "chopped" or deleted/omitted prepositions in elision contexts, see the discussion in [[CP-CMP]].

<pre>
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Sigríður-sigríður))
(VBDI ræddi-ræða)
(PP (P við-við)
(NP (NPR-A Indriða-indriði)))
(ADVP (ADVR eins)
(PP (P og)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(PP (P (CODE {við}))
(NP (D-A hina-hinn) (NS-A gest$-gestur) (D-A $ina-hinn))))))))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

==RP Specifiers of P==

<pre>
(PP (RP Upp-upp)
(P af-af)
(NP (N-D héraði-hérað)
(D-D því-það)
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (RP Fram-fram)
(P-D af-af)
(NP (N-D dal-dalur) (D-D þessum-þessi)))
</pre>

==ADJP Complements of P==

[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#pp_comp See PPCME2,PPCEME guidelines]

"fyrir víst", "á óvart"

but "satt að segja" projects an NP:

<pre>
(NP-OB1 (ADJ-NSNSP satt-sannur)
(CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO að-að)
(VB-TA mæla-mæla))))
</pre>

==Complements of PP==

Complements of P are always bare phrasal tags, e.g. NP, ADJP, not: NP-OB1, NP-POS, NP-COM.

Usually the complement of a P is an NP (and this is the default where it is difficult to tell), but ADJP and ADVP can also be the complement of P in a limited number of cases (usually fixed expressions); see [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#pp_comp PPCME2,PPCEME], and also: UM HEILT, and UNDIR EINS. Occasionally IP-INF or IP-INF-PRP is the complement of P, usually with the prepositions TIL and UM.

Note that in "allt í einu", "einu" projects an NP complement, not a PP complement. See [[NP-MSR]].

Note: SANNUR, in e.g. "með sönnu að segja", projects an NP when it is the complement of P.

Fixed expressions where a PP takes an ADJP complement:
* Ekki leið '''á löngu'''.

====ADVP complements of P====
Put these in right places: eftir á, í frá (sér), þvert yfir
ADVP + RP + P
* þar út úr
* þar upp á

ADVP + P
* hér eftir
* hér um
* héðan af
* jafnan í
* ofan til
* þar að
* þar af
* þar á
* þar fram
* þar fyrir
* þar frá
* þar um
* þar við: (PP (ADVP (ADV þar-þar)) (P við-við))

P + ADVP
* að framan
* að ofan
* að utan
* fram hjá
* fyrir framan
* fyrir ofan
* í burt
* í framan
* í frammi
* í gegnum
* í senn
* í sundur: (PP (P í-í) (ADVP (ADV sundur-sundur))))
* í þar
* til samans
* undir eins
* þaðan af

Also used for some fixed expressions with particles such as ''héðan í frá'', ''þaðan í frá'' (note that in these expressions, "frá" never takes a complement):

<pre>
(PP (ADV héðan-héðan)
(P í-í)
(ADVP (ADV frá-frá)))
</pre>

NOTE: however, that "inn" is RP in "þar inn", and "inni" is ADV in "þar inni"; both of these cases are parsed as ADVP, rather than PP.

PP + ADVP + CP
* nema þar sem / þar er / þars
* nema þá er
<pre>
(PP (P nema-nema)
(ADVP (ADV þá-þá)
(CP-REL (WADVP-4 0)
(C er-er)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-4)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
(VBPI hafnar-hafna)
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO-D sínu-sinn))
(N-D eðli-eðli)))
</pre>

=====ADVP complements of recursive PP=====
<pre>
(PP (ADVP-1 (ADV Þar))
(P á)
(PP (P ofan)
(ADVP *ICH*-1)))
</pre>

====RP complements of P====
It is rare that two particles modify a PP, but it happens:

út af fyrir mig

====Q complements of P====
<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(VBDI fóru-fara)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann))
(ADVP-DIR (ADV norður-norður))
(PP (Q-A allt-allur)
(P í-í)
(NP (NPR-A Bólstaðarhlíð-bólstaðarhlíð)))
(PP (P í-í)
(NP (N-D hríð$-hríð) (D-D $inni-hinn)))
(. .-.))
(ID 12XX.STURLUNGA.NAR-SAG,407.666))
</pre>

====CP complements of P====
Usually [[CP-ADV]] (introduced by e.g. [[EF]], [[ÞÓTT]], [[ÞÓ]]) or [[CP-CMP]].

[[CP-THT]] complement of P: Hann talaði um að hann vildi verða ungur á ný. CP-THT used for complements of UM, TIL, and all other prepositions where one of the following conditions apply:
1) The P can potentially take a pronoun and a CP-THT-PRN, e.g. "með því að", etc.
2) The P is selected for by the verb, e.g. "tala um CP".

[[CP-QUE]] complement of P: indirect questions.

====PP-recursion====
PPs can also be recursive, as in the example below. See also [[Á EFTIR]], [[MILLUM]], [[MILLI]] and [[ÞAR Á MILLI]], [[FYRIR OFAN]] and [[Í GEGN]].

<pre>
(PP (P í-í)
(PP (P gegnum-gegnum)
(NP (PRO-A það-það))))
</pre>

While this structure is relatively rare in the English corpora, it is not rare in Icelandic. However,...

IMPORTANT: THREE GUIDELINES ABOUT PP RECURSION:

1) We treat PP recursion as a last resort, and use another parse if there is another obvious parse available.

2) The highest P in the recursive PP (e.g. "í" in the example above) is always a P which is clearly a preposition on independent grounds (i.e. it can head non-recursive PPs).

3) (For parsing:) If you are not sure if a given structure should be a recursive PP while parsing, do not make a recursive PP until you have first rejected a) an analysis in which the first element is an RP attached high at the IP level, or b) an analysis in which the first element is an RP modifying a PP.

==Conjoined Ps==
Very rarely, Ps are conjoined at word level.

<pre>
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hver-hver))
(C eð-eð)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(PP (P í-í)
(NP (D-A þann-sá) (N-A tíma-tími)))
(BEDI var-vera)
(NP-MSR (ADV mjög-mjög))
(PP (P á-á)
(NP (N-A aldur-aldur)))
(VBN kominn-koma)
(, ,-,)
(PP (P undir-undir)
(CONJ eða-eða)
(P yfir-yfir)
(NP (N-A áttrætt-áttrætt))))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (P (P Fyrir)
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(NP (PRO-A hann))
(CONJP-2 (CONJ og) (ALSO líka) (P eftir)))
</pre>

==Movement to Spec,PP==

See TIL AÐ ([[IP-INF]]) and [[NP-COM]] (''Guði til handa'').

PP

2019-05-07T11:03:10Z

Einarfs: /* ADJP Complements of P */

==Head types==

P - the only head type for prepositions

==Stranded prepositions==

[...] það máttu reiða þig upp á. (Piltur og stúlka)

For "chopped" or deleted/omitted prepositions in elision contexts, see the discussion in [[CP-CMP]].

<pre>
(CP-ADV (C 0)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR-N Sigríður-sigríður))
(VBDI ræddi-ræða)
(PP (P við-við)
(NP (NPR-A Indriða-indriði)))
(ADVP (ADVR eins)
(PP (P og)
(CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
(C 0)
(IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
(PP (P (CODE {við}))
(NP (D-A hina-hinn) (NS-A gest$-gestur) (D-A $ina-hinn))))))))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

==RP Specifiers of P==

<pre>
(PP (RP Upp-upp)
(P af-af)
(NP (N-D héraði-hérað)
(D-D því-það)
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (RP Fram-fram)
(P-D af-af)
(NP (N-D dal-dalur) (D-D þessum-þessi)))
</pre>

==ADJP Complements of P==

[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#pp_comp see PPCME2,PPCEME guidelines]

"fyrir víst", "á óvart"

but "satt að segja" projects an NP:

<pre>
(NP-OB1 (ADJ-NSNSP satt-sannur)
(CP-EOP (WNP-2 0)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
(TO að-að)
(VB-TA mæla-mæla))))
</pre>

==Complements of PP==

Complements of P are always bare phrasal tags, e.g. NP, ADJP, not: NP-OB1, NP-POS, NP-COM.

Usually the complement of a P is an NP (and this is the default where it is difficult to tell), but ADJP and ADVP can also be the complement of P in a limited number of cases (usually fixed expressions); see [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/annotation/syn-phrase.htm#pp_comp PPCME2,PPCEME], and also: UM HEILT, and UNDIR EINS. Occasionally IP-INF or IP-INF-PRP is the complement of P, usually with the prepositions TIL and UM.

Note that in "allt í einu", "einu" projects an NP complement, not a PP complement. See [[NP-MSR]].

Note: SANNUR, in e.g. "með sönnu að segja", projects an NP when it is the complement of P.

Fixed expressions where a PP takes an ADJP complement:
* Ekki leið '''á löngu'''.

====ADVP complements of P====
Put these in right places: eftir á, í frá (sér), þvert yfir
ADVP + RP + P
* þar út úr
* þar upp á

ADVP + P
* hér eftir
* hér um
* héðan af
* jafnan í
* ofan til
* þar að
* þar af
* þar á
* þar fram
* þar fyrir
* þar frá
* þar um
* þar við: (PP (ADVP (ADV þar-þar)) (P við-við))

P + ADVP
* að framan
* að ofan
* að utan
* fram hjá
* fyrir framan
* fyrir ofan
* í burt
* í framan
* í frammi
* í gegnum
* í senn
* í sundur: (PP (P í-í) (ADVP (ADV sundur-sundur))))
* í þar
* til samans
* undir eins
* þaðan af

Also used for some fixed expressions with particles such as ''héðan í frá'', ''þaðan í frá'' (note that in these expressions, "frá" never takes a complement):

<pre>
(PP (ADV héðan-héðan)
(P í-í)
(ADVP (ADV frá-frá)))
</pre>

NOTE: however, that "inn" is RP in "þar inn", and "inni" is ADV in "þar inni"; both of these cases are parsed as ADVP, rather than PP.

PP + ADVP + CP
* nema þar sem / þar er / þars
* nema þá er
<pre>
(PP (P nema-nema)
(ADVP (ADV þá-þá)
(CP-REL (WADVP-4 0)
(C er-er)
(IP-SUB (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-4)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N hann-hann))
(VBPI hafnar-hafna)
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (PRO-D sínu-sinn))
(N-D eðli-eðli)))
</pre>

=====ADVP complements of recursive PP=====
<pre>
(PP (ADVP-1 (ADV Þar))
(P á)
(PP (P ofan)
(ADVP *ICH*-1)))
</pre>

====RP complements of P====
It is rare that two particles modify a PP, but it happens:

út af fyrir mig

====Q complements of P====
<pre>
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og)
(VBDI fóru-fara)
(NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann))
(ADVP-DIR (ADV norður-norður))
(PP (Q-A allt-allur)
(P í-í)
(NP (NPR-A Bólstaðarhlíð-bólstaðarhlíð)))
(PP (P í-í)
(NP (N-D hríð$-hríð) (D-D $inni-hinn)))
(. .-.))
(ID 12XX.STURLUNGA.NAR-SAG,407.666))
</pre>

====CP complements of P====
Usually [[CP-ADV]] (introduced by e.g. [[EF]], [[ÞÓTT]], [[ÞÓ]]) or [[CP-CMP]].

[[CP-THT]] complement of P: Hann talaði um að hann vildi verða ungur á ný. CP-THT used for complements of UM, TIL, and all other prepositions where one of the following conditions apply:
1) The P can potentially take a pronoun and a CP-THT-PRN, e.g. "með því að", etc.
2) The P is selected for by the verb, e.g. "tala um CP".

[[CP-QUE]] complement of P: indirect questions.

====PP-recursion====
PPs can also be recursive, as in the example below. See also [[Á EFTIR]], [[MILLUM]], [[MILLI]] and [[ÞAR Á MILLI]], [[FYRIR OFAN]] and [[Í GEGN]].

<pre>
(PP (P í-í)
(PP (P gegnum-gegnum)
(NP (PRO-A það-það))))
</pre>

While this structure is relatively rare in the English corpora, it is not rare in Icelandic. However,...

IMPORTANT: THREE GUIDELINES ABOUT PP RECURSION:

1) We treat PP recursion as a last resort, and use another parse if there is another obvious parse available.

2) The highest P in the recursive PP (e.g. "í" in the example above) is always a P which is clearly a preposition on independent grounds (i.e. it can head non-recursive PPs).

3) (For parsing:) If you are not sure if a given structure should be a recursive PP while parsing, do not make a recursive PP until you have first rejected a) an analysis in which the first element is an RP attached high at the IP level, or b) an analysis in which the first element is an RP modifying a PP.

==Conjoined Ps==
Very rarely, Ps are conjoined at word level.

<pre>
(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO-N hver-hver))
(C eð-eð)
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
(PP (P í-í)
(NP (D-A þann-sá) (N-A tíma-tími)))
(BEDI var-vera)
(NP-MSR (ADV mjög-mjög))
(PP (P á-á)
(NP (N-A aldur-aldur)))
(VBN kominn-koma)
(, ,-,)
(PP (P undir-undir)
(CONJ eða-eða)
(P yfir-yfir)
(NP (N-A áttrætt-áttrætt))))))
(. .-.)))
</pre>

<pre>
(PP (P (P Fyrir)
(CONJP *ICH*-2))
(NP (PRO-A hann))
(CONJP-2 (CONJ og) (ALSO líka) (P eftir)))
</pre>

==Movement to Spec,PP==

See TIL AÐ ([[IP-INF]]) and [[NP-COM]] (''Guði til handa'').