Difference between revisions of "Empty categories"
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* Empty subjects | * Empty subjects | ||
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** [[*arb*]]: arbitrary PRO in the [[IP-INF]] complements of inherent ECM verbs. | ** [[*arb*]]: arbitrary PRO in the [[IP-INF]] complements of inherent ECM verbs. | ||
Revision as of 12:25, 23 November 2010
Empty categories
- Pied piping
- Missing copula
- Expletives (*exp*): Note that (NP-SBJ *exp*) is not used in the Icelandic corpus for the experiencers of known quirky-case-verbs; see the documentation on Quirky Case. [EFS: athuga hvað maður gerir við (þó pro/exp hásumar væri) en (það rigndi í gær) er bara með venjulegt NP-SBJ]. Note that in early (Old Icelandic) texts, it may be difficult to distinguish between *exp* and *pro* in cases where there is an empty subject and it has a roughly impersonal (i.e. "maður") interpretation. In searches where you want to include all such sentences or all impersonals in early texts, it is wise to include both *exp* and *pro* in your searches.
*pro*: other empty subjects. Note that in early (Old Icelandic) texts, it may be difficult to distinguish between *exp* and *pro* in cases where there is an empty subject and it has a roughly impersonal (i.e. "maður") interpretation. In searches where you want to include all such sentences or all impersonals in early texts, it is wise to include both *exp* and *pro* in your searches.
Topicalization or stylistic fronting of quantifiers (or other elements, e.g. D, N, P): indicated with *ICH* traces according to Penn Guidelines.
Empty objects of verbs: not indicated in annotation.
Empty objects of prepositions: in this case we follow the guidelines of the York Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE). See also Particles under Head Types.
Empty oblique subject
A case extension is added to empty subjects if and only if the empty element is non-nominative. This can most frequently occur in cases of conjunction reduction, like *con*-D (empty dative subject), but also in other cases where the subject has been omitted, like *pro*-D.
( (IP-MAT (CONJ og-og) (NP-SBJ *con*-D) (VBDI þótti-þykja) (NP-SBJ (N-N skömm-skömm)) (IP-INF (TO að-að) (VB skilja-skilja) (PP (P við-við) (NP (PRO-A hann-hann)))) (. .-.)))
Parasitic Gaps
Parasitic gaps are marked with the same trace (same index) as the real gap on which they are parasitic, as in the example below:
(CP-QUE-SPE (IP-SUB-SPE (BEPI Er-vera) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N það-það)) (NEG ekki-ekki) (NP-PRD (D-N sá-sá) (CP-REL-SPE (WNP-2 0) (C sem-sem) (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (NP-SBJ (PRO-N þeir-hann)) (VBDI sóktu-sækja) (PP (P til-til) (IP-INF-PRP-SPE (NP-OB1 *T*-2) (TO að-að) (VB lífláta-lífláta) (CODE {COM:parasitic_gap})))))))) (. ?-?)) (ID 1540.NTJOHN.REL-BIB,200.545))
We frequently also put a comment in the token indicating that the gap is parasitic.